题目内容
Section A
Directions: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
Evidence exists that hearing problems may be alleviated by changes in diet and exercise habits.
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"Not so," say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the reasons why people didn't act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency.
Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the side-walk, is he having a heart attack？ is he in a coma (昏迷) from diabetes(糖尿病)？ Or is he about to sleep off a drunk？
Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning？ Is it "steam pipes".9 Or is it really smoke from a fire？ it's not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency.
Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won't get the help he needs.
The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be "tested." Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on the "tests." Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided the "testing room" and the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of this had been pre-recorded on a tape-recorder.
Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped, Of the students in groups, none helped.
In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn't. They do not feel any direct responsibility.
Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble？ Yes. scientists found that the peoOple were emotional, they sweated, they had trembling hands. They felt the other person's trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with.
The purpose of this passage is_____.
Since his arrest by his own former police force, ex-Serbian and Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic has gone public with a revelation that should have surprised no one who has read a newspaper in the past seven years.
He admitted—actually, bragged—that he had supplied the Serbian irregular forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina with money and weapons when the Serbian side was trying to destroy the Moslem and Croat communities.
That was not news. It was clear that the well-equipped Serbian forces were an extension of the Serbian government, acting in support of the policy of a Greater Serbia.
It was also quite clear at the time of the brutal war that the men who would become its chief indicted international war criminals, Radovan Karadzic of the Bosnian Serb Republic, and the chief commander, General Ratko Mladic, were subordinates under marching orders from Belgrade, specifically Milosevic.
So the question is: Why did the Europeans and the Americans deal with Milosevic at the Dayton peace conference and later on？ The answer is that this was a pure example of real politic, the practice of putting practicality over principle.
It was not invented by Richard Holbrooke or any of the Western mediators, nor even by Henry Kissinger, one of its foremost practitioners. The tactic goes back to Lao Tze, Macchiavelli, Bismarck and Neville Chamberlain and anybody before who discovered that direct confrontation is not the easiest way to try to solve a problem.
What is different now is that democratic governments claim to be acting on principle and international law. Dealing with Milosevic had only a brief, limited success in halting the general war in Bosnia, but in the long run, it hurt the credibility of the governments who denounced the war crimes but not the man they knew was the chief war criminal.
Recall that these crimes were not minor misdemeanours committed in the heat and anger of battle. These were cold blooded massacres, a policy of using rape as a weapon of war and the random shelling of Sarajevo and other civilian targets.
It will not take a very bright defence attorney at the international war crimes tribunal at The Hague to argue that his client-no matter how culpable-is the victim of selective prosecution, of being targeted because he is a small fry, rather than a major war criminal, who had some temporary utility for the Western powers.
The thing about a pragmatic policy of real politic is that it doesn't work very well in a world that is becoming increasingly transparent and increasingly concerned with things such as universal respect for human rights.
There are other recent examples, such as U.S. support for Zairean president Mobuto Sese Seko, a world-class embez zler. It was common knowledge in the U.S. government that Mobuto was a monumental thief, but he was useful in funnelling weapons to the man the United States was backing in neighbouring Angola, Jonas Savimbi.
That arrangement ended with the end of the Cold War, but it left a heritage of misery, poverty and civil war in the heart of the African continent.
Such arrangements—with Milosevic or other unsavoury characters—might have a short-term utility, but they leave a lasting cumulative stain on the credibility and reputation of those who held their noses and made such deals. And that makes it all the harder to deal with the next generation of war criminals.
What is the main idea of this text？
听力原文： MARINA DEL REY, Calif. - Soon there will be even more dots to remember, adding to the Internet's already mind-boggling array of addresses. The Internet's governing body Thursday made a big change to the landscape of the World Wide Web, approving seven new Web site domain names to complement the existing list topped by .com .net, .org and .gov. Out of 44 applications, the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) chose .biz, .info, .name, .pro, .museum, .aero. and .coop—and rejected a slew of other options hotly debated by industry players.
The choice of the new domain names, which are expected to become available to businesses and consumers by the middle of. next year, culminates a drawn-out process for setting the next stage of growth on the Internet.
"This is a first giant step for domain-kind." said Esther Dyson, chairman of ICANN.
Major companies involved in winning bids to operate the huge databases holding Web site addresses, also called registries, included VeriSign Inc., which currently enjoys a near-monopoly as the sole registry operator for all domain names not ending in a country suffix, International Business Machines Corp. and Register. com, a fast-growing U.S. reseller of Web site addresses.
Some of the new domain names, like .info and .name, will be open to almost anyone to register starting by the middle of next year.
Others, such as .museum, and .biz, will be restricted to members of companies or relevant fields.
NO DOT WEB, FOR NOW One of the most vied-for domain names, .web, was at the last moment taken out of the "approved" basket because of a controversy over the ownership. Affilias, a consortium of big companies including VeriSign, was wrangling with a small California company, Image Online Design Inc., which said it registered tens of thousands of users for .web in the past several years due to what it claims was a prior agreement.
An impassioned speech by Vint Cerf, an ICANN board member who was later elected new board chairman, on behalf of Image Online, helped sway the board at the last moment, which granted Affilias the .info domain name, considered to be a less popular domain name, instead.
For observers, the climb-down symbolized a small victory for the original spirit of the Internet, represented here by the ponytailed techies and entrepreneurs, over the encroachment of big businesses.
The new domains will likely lead to a price reduction. Domain names typically cost ＄35 per year. companies who won the new domains will compete head-on with VeriSign Inc., which via its ＄20 billion acquisition earlier this year of Network Solutions, Inc., owns a near-monopoly on the registration of domain names.
There are more than an estimated 25 million top-level domain names, nearly all of them ending in .com or .net. There is a much smaller list of country-level domain names, which end in country suffixes like .cn for China or .uk for Britain.
Critics say that the fact that only seven top-level domain name suffixes now exist has directly led to trademark disputes between similar-sounding companies, and rampant speculation by cybersquatters hoping to cash in on valuable names. The new domain names should give alternatives to companies victimized by cybersquatters, said Ken Hansen, an executive with NeuStar Inc., which will introduce the .biz domain name next year.
EMBROILED IN CONTROVERSY ICANN has been embroiled in controversy since it was created in 1998 by the United States government to oversee the domain name system. About half of the board members were chosen on ICANN's inception, with the other half chosen by constituencies within ICANN. That has led to accusations of nepotism, and over-representation by corporate and big business interests instead of regular Internet users, especially outside of the United States, and calls for ICANN's abolishme
The last paragraph is mainly aimed at ______.
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