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What is this passage mainly concerned with？
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Of all the areas of learning, the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior. of most people.
"The burnt child fears the fire" is one instance: another is the rise of dictators like Hitler. Both these examples also point out the fact that attitudes stem from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive: in the other it was indirect and accumulative. The Nazis were filled largely with the speeches they heard and the books they read.
The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose words they respect.
Another reason, it is true that pupils often study somewhat deeply a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico, his teacher's method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.
The media which the teacher can develop healthy attitudes are innumerable. Social studies(with special reference to races, beliefs and nationalities), science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom, these are a few of the fertile fields for the education of proper emotional reactions.
However, when children come to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by scolding them. She can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences.
To illustrate, first grade pupils' afraid of policemen will properly alter their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them. In the same way, a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion, research, outside reading and all day trips.
Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her oven attitudes, because her influence can be harmful if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decisions as a result of objective analysis of the facts.
The author writes this passage primarily in order to show us that______.
After some time the second stage of the space shuttle, having used up its fuel, just like
Most people would probably agree that many individual consumer adverts function on the level of the daydream. By picturing quite unusually happy and glamorous people whose success in either career or sexual terms, or both, is obvious, adverts construct an imaginary world in which the reader is able to make come true those desires which remain unsatisfied in his or her everyday life.
An advert for a science fiction magazine is unusually explicit about this. In addition to the primary use value of the magazine, the reader is promised access to a wonderful universe through the product-access to other mysterious and tantalizing worlds and epochs, the realms of the imagination. When studying advertising, it is therefore unreasonable to expect readers to decipher adverts as factual statements about reality. Most adverts are just too meager in informative content and too rich in emotional suggestive detail to be read literally. If people read them literally, they would soon be forced to realize their error when the glamorous promises held out by the adverts didn't materialize.
The average consumer is not surprised that his purchase of the commodity does not redeem the promise of the advertisement, for this is what he is used to in life: The individual's pursuit of happiness and success is usually in vain. But the fantasy is his to keep; in his dream world he enjoys a "future endlessly deferred" .
The Estivalia advert company is quite explicit about the fact that advertising shows us not reality, but a fantasy; it does so by openly admitting the daydream but in a way which insists on the existence of a bridge linking daydream to reality—Estivalia, which is "for daydream believers", those who refuse to give up trying to make the hazy ideal of natural beauty and harmony come true.
If adverts function on the daydream level, it clearly becomes inadequate to merely condemn advertising for channeling readers' attention and desires towards unrealistic, paradisiacal (天堂似的) nowhere land. Advertising certainly does that, but in order for people to find it relevant, the Utopia(乌托邦)visualized in adverts must be linked to our surrounding reality by a causal connection.
The people in adverts are in most cases______.
The term "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. "Informal learning", on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.
These definitions provide the essential difference between the two modes of leaning. Formal leaning is separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those obtained from practical daily life. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which can prepare for the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges.
In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. The language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle-class families than that used by working-class families. Middle-class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working-class classmates.
Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child's experience of learning is more direct, involving sight, touch, taste, and smell senses that are under-utilized in the classroom.
Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform. this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity provide—sometimes unintentionally—target models of behavior. in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and place.
The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two models of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kinds of external goals such as parental approval, social status, and potential financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult status.
Given that learning systems develop as a response to the social and economic contexts in which they are fixed, it is understandable that modern, highly urbanized societies have concentrated almost exclusively on the establishment of formal education systems. What these societies have failed to recognize are the ways in which formal learning hinders the child's multi-sensory acquisition of practical skill. The failure to provide a child with a direct educa-tion may in part account for many of the social problems which trouble our societies.
Formal learning and informal learning are mainly distinguished by_____ .
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