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（)于1980年和1985年先后出版的＜竞争战略＞、＜竞争优势＞两本书，群体分析代表作。

What values should we pursue for the prosperity of Asia in the new century？ I believe that the three values of freedom, diversity and openness are the driving forces behind peace and development in Asia.
First, it goes without saying that freedom refers to democracy and human rights politically. Economically, it means the development of a market economy.
Political freedom and economic freedom are reinforcing each other in the process of their development. With some twists and turns, Asia as a whole has been taking significant steps towards freedom over the last half century.
Transition to a democratic political system has been inevitable, as economic development has created the conditions for the emergence of a middle class and civil society. I believe that the historic trends that are apparent in Asia should be a source of pride for us all.
Second, development in Asia has occurred against a background of tremendous diversity, where each country has its own distinctive history and social and cultural values. Naturally, we thus see differences in the processes and speed of development.
While respecting diversity, however, it is important for us to promote our common interests and our shared goals, recognizing positive influences of each other despite differences among countries.
In other words, we must leave behind parochial nationalism and dogmatism, promote mutually beneficial cooperation based on equality in order to enjoy common prosperity. This should be our guiding principle.
Third, our cooperation must not be of an inward-looking, closed nature, but one characterized by openness to the world outside Asia.
In a world economy where globalization is advancing and economic integration, such as in Europe and Americas, is proceeding, cooperation both within Asia and between Asia and other regions must be pursued. This cooperation must be based on the principles of openness and transparency.
I believe Asia should set an example for the world by seeking regional cooperation that surpasses national and ethnic distinction.
So, as we pursue prosperity in a free, diverse and open Asia, what are the specific challenges that we face？ I'd like to discuss three challenges. They are reform, cooperation and conveying Asia's voice to the world.

[A] Refuse Gimmicks
[B] Be Wary of Price Levels
[C] Say No to Useless Things
[D] Never Pay List Price
[E] Stand up to Temptations
[F] Switch — or Threaten to
[G] Don’t Buy on Impulse
In recent years the basic market principles of competition and choice have expanded into new aspects of American life. Consumers now face a bewildering array of options for air travel, phone service, medical care, even postal service. Car buyers can shop on the Internet for the best price at any dealership in their area. In some parts of the country, homeowners can purchase electricity from a menu of companies. All this choice translates into unprecedented consumer power.
One of the persistent myths of capitalist culture is that business people love competition. They don’t. They spend their waking hours plotting ways to avoid it, and keep prices high. These days they use information technologies that give them intricate data on individual shoppers, and then present multiple prices to get each consumer to cough up the maximum he is willing to pay. The airlines have mastered this game, offering many levels of fares.
So how can you make the most of your new power as a consumer？ Here are rules to help you find your way.
41.
In the New Economy, competition is so strong that fewer stores and services are immune to price pressure, so sharpen your bargaining skills. Ask retailers to match prices you’ve seen on the Internet. Ask at the checkout counter if there are any coupons or discounts you can use. Ask hotel clerks if there are better rates available. You’ll be surprised how often the answer is yes.
42.
As competition heats up and pushes prices down, businesses scramble to boost their profits by heaping on extras: rust proofing your car, service contracts on your appliance, prepaid gasoline for your rental car. These stunts are devised to make you pay more at the last minute and probably aren’t a good deal.
43.
The information highway is a two-way street. As a consumer, you can get more data. But while you are roaming the Web, businesses are studying your habits and vulnerabilities.
Have a weakness for chocolates？ Don’t be surprised if Amazon. Com offers to sell you a box while you’re browsing for books. They’re using a wrinkle on the last-minute marketing pitch perfected by McDonald’s: “Would you like fries with that？” The ploy works remarkably well.
44.
Versioning is a tactic used by businesses to separate status-conscious consumers from the bargain-hungry ones — since the former mean bigger profit margins. “Deluxe” and “platinum” are code words used to entice status seekers to open their wallets.
Add a third price level and the purses of even bargain-hungry shoppers can be pried open. Research shows that many consumers who might pick the lower-priced option when given just two choices will choose the medium-priced alternative if given three. “Consumers try to avoid extreme options,” write Carl Shapiro and Hal R. Varian in their book Information Rules.
Consumers in .the New Economy face more demands on their time and attention than ever before, so they’re inclined to make the most familiar choice. Consider this: it had been a decade and a half since the breakup of AT＆T, yet it is still by far the largest long-distance provider — even while other phone companies offer $ 50 worth of free service for switching. More than ever, it pays to change services and brands.
If you don’t want the hassles of switching remember that businesses are eager to hang on to consumers. The next time you get a tempting offer from a credit-card issuer or a phone company, call your current provider and ask them to match t

For 【C1】 the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain 【C2】 : a yearning for a time when nations in the civilized world buried their differences and combined to oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the terrible consequences of war stopped 【C3】 of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the Allies hit those wave-battered sand flats and towering cliffs, the Normandy invasion stands as a feat 【C4】 to be repeated.
There will never be 【C5】 D-Day. Technology has changed the conditions of warfare in ways that none of the D-Day participants could have 【C6】 . All-out war in the beginnings of this century would surely spell all-out 【C7】 for the belligerents, and possibly for the entire human race. No credible scenario for a future world war would allow time for the massive buildup of conventional forces that occurred in the 1940s. The moral equivalent of the Normandy invasion in the nuclear age would involve a presidential decision to put tens of millions of American lives at 【C8】 . And the possible benefits for the allies would be uncertain at best. European defense experts often ask whether the U.S. would be willing to "trade Pittsburgh for Dusseldorf". In practice, the question may well be whether it is worth 【C9】 American cities to avenge a Europe already 【C10】 to rubble.
【C1】__