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X线胶片特性曲线是描绘曝光量与所产生的密度之间关系的一条曲线，由于这条曲线可以表示出感光材料的感光特性，所以称之为特性曲线。特性曲线的横坐标为曝光量，以对数值lgE表示；纵坐标为密度，以D表示。特性曲线由足部、直线部、肩部和反转部组成。足部密度的上升与曝光量不呈正比，曝光量增加很多，密度只有较小的增加。直线部密度与曝光量的增加呈正比，密度差保持一定，此时曲线沿一定的斜率直线上升。肩部密度随曝光量的增加而增加，但不呈正比。反转部随曝光量的增加密度反而下降，影像密度呈现逆转。特性曲线可提供感光材料的本底灰雾(Dmin)、感光度(S)、对比度(γ)、最大密度(Dmax)、宽容度(L)等参数，以表示感光材料的感光性能。 下列叙述，错误的是
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元认知是1976年由______提出来的，它由三个成分组成，即______、元认知体验和______。
It is hard for modern people to imagine the life one hundred years ago. No television, no plastic, no ATMs, no DVDs. Illnesses like tuberculosis, diphtheria, pneumonia meant only death. Of course, cloning appeared only in science fiction. Not to mention, computer and Internet. Today, our workplace are equipped with assembly lines, fax machines, computers. Our daily life is cushioned by air conditioners, cell phones. Antibiotics helped created a long list of miracle drugs. The bypass operation saved millions. The discovery of DNA has revolutionized the way scientists think about new therapies. Man finally stepped on the magical and mysterious Moon. With the rapid changes we have been experiencing, the anticipation for the future is higher than ever. A revolutionary manufacturing process made it possible for anyone to own a car. Henry Ford is the man who put the world on wheels. When it comes to singling out those who have made a difference in all our lives, you cannot overlook Henry Ford. A historian a century from now might well conclude that it was Henry Ford who most influenced all manufacturing everywhere, even to this day, by introducing a new way to make cars—one, strange to say, that originated in slaughter houses. Back in the early 1900s, slaughter houses used what could have been called a "disassembly line." That is, the carcass of a slain steer or a pig was moved past various meat-cutters, each of whom cut off only a certain portion. Ford reversed this process to see if it would speed up production of a part of an automobile engine called a magneto. Rather than have each worker completely assemble a magneto, one of its elements was placed on a conveyer, and each worker, as it passed, added another component to it, the same one each time. Professor David Hounshell, of The University of Delaware, an expert on industrial development tells what happened: "The previous day, workers carrying out the entire process had averaged one magneto every 20 minutes. But on that day, on the line, the assembly team averaged one every 13 minutes and 10 seconds per person." Within a year, the time had been reduced to five minutes. In 1913, Ford went all the way. Hooked together by ropes, partially assembled vehicles were towed past workers who completed them one piece at a time. It wasn’t long before Ford was turning out several hundred thousand cars a year, a remarkable achievement then. And so efficient and economical was this new system that he cut the price of his cars in half, to $260, putting them within reach of all those who, up until that time, could not afford them. Soon, auto makers over the world copied him. In fact, he encouraged them to do so by writing a book about all of his innovations, entitled Today and Tomorrow. The Age of the Automobile had arrived. Today, aided by robots and other forms of automation, everything from toasters to perfumes is made on assembly lines. Edsel Ford, Henry’s great-grandson, and a Ford vice president: “I think that my great-grandfather would just be amazed at how far technology has come." Many of today’s innovations come from Japan. Norman Bodek, who publishes books about manufacturing processes, finds this ironic. On a recent trip to Japan he talked to two of the top officials of Toyota. "When I asked them where these secrets came from, where their ideas came from to manufacture in a totally different way, they laughed, and they said. ’Well. We just read it in Henry Ford’s book from 1926: Today and Tomorrow.’\ The assembly line reduced the time to make a magneto by ______ within a year.
某汽车制造企业为增值税一般纳税人，生产符合低污染排放值标准的小轿车，2005年3月1日该企业期初留抵的进项税额为8.74万元。2005年3月该企业发生了以下经济业务：(1)购进原材料、零部件一批，增值税专用发票上注明的价款为3 600万元，增值税税款为612万元。货物已验收入库。另收取运输部门开具的运费发票90万元。以上款项均未支付；(2)进口小轿车发动机一批，离岸价为300万美元，国外运输保险费为30万美元，当日美元与人民币的汇率为1：8.30，进口关税税率20%，国内运费发票上载明的运费和装卸费合计为26000元。以上款项均已支付，货已验收入库；(3)销售A类小轿车一批，共计300辆，含税销售单价为14.04万元/辆，另收取运输费用15万元，企业已将开给购货方的运费发票转给购货方；(4)自营出口B类小轿车600辆，不含税销售单价为1.5万美元/辆，当日美元与人民币的汇率为1：8.20；(5)以60辆A类小轿车向某出租汽车公司投资。双方确认的投资成本为600万元；(6)将10辆C类小轿车分给高级管理人员使用。该种小轿车的单位生产成本为9.5万元，该公司近期五类似轿车出售。要求：(1)计算3月应纳进口货物相关税金；(2)计算3月应纳税销售额、应纳消费税额(消费税率5%)；(3)计算3月应纳的增值税额和当期的免抵税额(小轿车的出口退税率为13%)。
简述场独立型和场依存型认知风格的特点。
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