题目内容
【选词填空（15选10）】I can still remember so well when it started: it was London on September 5th 1940. At around 5:30 pm an increasingly pervasive hum1)the arrival of over 300 German bombers and 600 fighters, coming to drop their many bombs. From my standpoint at my darkened window I could see a2)blaze in a nearby warehouse, and a house that had become a furnace –its residents probably casualties. Some would call it a slum, but these were my neighbours, good family people. Explosive bombs were dropped all over London, in minutes reducing buildings to3)and leaving corpses unattended by the overwhelmed civil defence corps. As a Londoner with no training, what I could do was minimal as I went onto the street, leaving me time to4)over the fate of my city and of some of my neighbours. Previously the German Luftwaffe (纳粹德国空军) had targeted military installations, or ammunition dumps, and only a5)bomb could affect us as civilians. The wave of bombings that night6)us to a new reality, with a(n)7)vision of a London ablaze (着火的). What is now called “the Blitz” (伦敦大轰炸) had begun in earnest, civilian residential areas were now targeted. Later other cities suffered too, for example Coventry was8)destroyed. Yet even this was not as terrible as the fate of Dresden in February 1945. Allied air forces dropped more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs in a mass9)of that city. The resulting firestorm destroyed 39 square kilometres and caused a10)of tens of thousands of German people. Truly in war there are no winners, only losers.
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【信息匹配】Directions： You are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Pearl Harbor: A Rude AwakeningA)It all happened so quickly. On the morning of December 7, 1941, the first of two waves of Japanese aircraft began their deadly attack on the US Pacific Fleet, moored (停泊) at Pearl Harbor on the Pacific island of Oahu. Within about two hours, five battleships had been sunk, another 16 damaged, and 188 aircraft destroyed. Only chance saved three US aircraft carriers, usually stationed at Pearl Harbor but assigned elsewhere on the day. The attacks killed under 100 Japanese but over 2,400 Americans, with another 1,178 injured.B)Although swift in execution, the attacks had been slowly brewing for years. The US had once looked upon Japanese ambitions with a level of sympathy, even indulgence. Hit hard by the Great Depression of the early 1930s, however, Japanese disillusion with party government grew and moderates gave way to militants. As Japanese aggression increased, its relations with the US deteriorated.C)On top of practical economic considerations, early military success and an inherent sense of racial superiority led Japan to believe that it deserved to dominate Asian politics. As with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, this combination bred an aggressive and neo-colonial foreign policy, the “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”. Higher birthrate and economic considerations required more land. Lacking in natural resources itself, the search for alternative supplies underpinned foreign and military policy throughout the decade and led to the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War.D)The policy increased in urgency as its relations with the US sank further. Historically, Japan had relied on America to supply many natural and industrial resources. Increasingly alarmed by Japanese aggression, however, America allowed a commercial treaty dating from 1911 to lapse (中断) in January 1940. In July it followed up by embargoing scrap iron and aviation fuel. Things got worse in September when Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy. It was now a formal member of the Axis alliance fighting the European War. This posed real problems. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had already strained the sinews (精力) of neutrality by supplying Britain with money and arms under the “lend-lease” agreement. The Tripartite Pact meant that supplies to Japan would indirectly be helping Italy and Germany; further embargoes followed.E)Considering its very survival under threat, Japan intensified the search for a permanent alternative. The most obvious target was Southeast Asia, rich in minerals and oil. German success in Europe in 1940 had orphaned French and Dutch colonies in the region and they became the focus of Japanese attention. Japan knew that a full-scale invasion of Southeast Asia would prompt war with America. It needed a mechanism to buy itself sufficient time and space to conquer successfully crucial targets like the Philippines, Burma and Malaya. The attack on Pearl Harbor was that mechanism; merely a means to an end. By destroying its Pacific Fleet, Japan expected to remove America from the Pacific equation for long enough to allow it to secure the resources it needed so desperately and hoped to crush American morale sufficiently to prompt Roosevelt to sue for peace.F)In 1941 America was not ready for war. With US forces queuing for arms alongside Britain and Russia, Roosevelt knew he needed more time to build America’s military capacity. If war was to come, he wanted Japan to be seen to be the aggressor, but Roosevelt was in no hurry. Furthermore, he saw Germany as America’s main enemy. This “Europe first” strategy was affirmed with Churchill at the Arcadia conference in late December 1941. Roosevelt had already pushed neutrality to the limit and had assigned warships to accompany convoys (被护卫的船只) in the Atlantic. War with Germany was only a matter of time: Why choose to fight another with Japan? Even when European conflict came, it did so only on Hitler’s invitation after he gratuitously (没有理由地) declared war.G)The administration and military were both guilty of a staggering lack of co-ordination between Washington and Oahu, and between different services. Japanese messages were decoded by the army and navy on alternate days and all too often one service failed to properly communicate their new intelligence to the other. And it wasn’t just codes: on the day of the attack, Japanese aircraft were spotted by American radar. No action was taken: They were assumed to be a flight of B-17 bombers due in from the mainland.H)It’s not as if America wasn’t warned. In January 1941 Ambassador Grew in Tokyo passed on intelligence that stated that Japan was planning the attack. It was disregarded. Warnings from military personnel in February and July were overlooked, largely because they recommended massive transfers of aircraft to Oahu, aircraft that America simply did not have. War warnings from Washington to Hawaii 10 days before the attack were virtually ignored. Team USA was proving pretty dysfunctional.I)This American myopia stemmed from complacent disbelief that Japan would mount such an attack, especially before declaring war. Yet any study of Japanese history demonstrated that pre-emptive (先发制人的) attacks such as this were almost standard operating procedure. Instead of concentrating on what Japan could do, the US tried to guess what it would do. It guessed wrong.J)Although Pearl Harbor started the Pacific War, a war that Japan would lose badly, the attack itself was no failure. The Japanese wanted to cripple the Pacific Fleet and give them the space to invade Southeast Asia. They did: Japan won every major battle until Midway in June 1942. By that time it occupied territory from Northern China to the East Indies, and from India’s borders to deep into the Pacific. The attack on Pearl Harbor bought Japan the space and time it needed.K)Although only chance saved the American aircraft carriers, their survival was a major blow. However, the primary problem with the attack was the planning. Had Japan focused beyond the fleet and targeted the crucial shore facilities and oil reserves, it could have inflicted far greater and more lasting damage. As it was, of the ships damaged or sunk on December 7, 1941, only three –the Arizona, Oklahoma and Utah –were damaged beyond repair, and Utah was already obsolete. Japan gave America the chance to rebuild its fleet and re-enter the fight with brand-new kit. Even worse, rather than crushing American morale as planned, the attack united the country behind Roosevelt and behind war. Americans were incensed (激怒) by Japan’s failure to declare war until later that day: The sneak attack fuelled American determination to fight on, even in the face of the setbacks of early 1942.L)Pearl Harbor and the invasion of Southeast Asia showcased Japan at its best. Operationally brilliant, the attack was nonetheless strategically disastrous. Never again would Japan have the opportunity to act with such forethought and planning. It got itself the short-term breathing space it wanted, but also a war against both Britain and America. To invite such confrontation was the result of courage, optimism and madness on a massive scale. Faced with American military and economic might, it could never really win. So why all the conspiracy theories? Maybe because some just cannot accept that on the day, in round one, their boys were beaten by the better team.
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