题目内容
In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private-should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women's earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs's results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would by 14. 6 percent greater than the earnings of women in industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.
In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities. ) Brown's research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study's results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs's argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that the government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect of women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT______.
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听力原文：W. I'd like to make an appointment with Prof. Winston tomorrow.
M: I'm sorry. Prof. Winston went on a one-week vacation in Hong Kong. He'll probably be back next weekend.
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This article tells us that further studies are needed to assess the potential risks of GM
Which of the following, according to paragraph 3 was NOT a principal method of launching a
Some of these traditions have been carried over into modem times. A ship is traditionally christened or given its name at the time it is launched into the water. When a ship is christened, it is a tradition to break a bottle across the ship's bowl. This practice began in Britain in the late seventeenth century. Previously, an official would sip wine from a "standing cup," a large loving cup made of precious metal, then pour out the remaining wine onto the deck or over the ship's bow. The cup was then tossed overboard. This practice soon became too costly and a net was used to catch the cup so it could be re-used at other launchings. Wine was the traditional liquid used to christen a ship, although other liquids were used such as whiskey, brandy and water. At the close of the nineteenth century champagne became the popular liquid with which to christen a ship. However, during prohibition in America, ships were christened with water.
Ships' sponsors were generally royalty or senior naval officers. In the nineteenth century, women became ship sponsors for the first time. Women sponsored ships more and more frequently, although it was not the rule. The actual physical process of launching a new ship from a building site to the water involved one of three principal methods. Oldest, most familiar and most widely used, was the "end-on" launch in which the vessel slid, usually stern first, down an inclined slipway. The "side launch," whereby the ship entered the water broadside, came into nineteenth-century use on inland waters, rivers and lakes. It was given major impetus in America by the World War II building program. Another method involved ships built in basins or graving docks, which were floated by admitting water into the dock. The commissioning ceremony then completed the cycle from christening and launching, to full status for active service.
Why did the author write the passage？
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