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Which planet is the spacecraft expected to orbit？
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文： ISLAMABAD, Pakistan—Pakistani intelligence agents found plans for new attacks against the United States and Britain on a computer seized during the arrest of a senior al-Qaeda suspect wanted for the 1998 twin U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa, the information minister said.
The plans were found in e-mails on the computer of Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani, a Tanzanian arrested July 25 after a 12-hour gunbattle in the eastern city of Gujrat, Information Minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmed told The Associated Press on Monday.
Ahmed said authorities have also arrested another top suspect believed to be a computer and communications expert, and that that man was cooperating with investigators.
The Home Office in London, which is responsible for policing and security in Britain, said it did not believe the computer seizure revealed a "specific threat" or that the British public needed to take any specific action as a result.
Two AK 47 rifles, plastic chemicals, two computers, computer diskettes, and a "large amount" of foreign currency were recovered from the home in Gujrat where Ghailani was seized. More than a dozen others, including his wife and several children, were also arrested in that raid.
Officials believe the group was making plans to flee Pakistan on false passports. Gujrat is a center for document forgers and human smugglers in Pakistan.
Musharraf has been a top U.S. ally in the war on terror, infuriating Muslim radicals in Pakistan and elsewhere, and his security services have arrested a number of top al-Qaeda-linked figures, most recently Ghailani.
Ahmed said the investigation into Ghailani had revealed that he was training terrorists in Pakistan to commit suicide attacks, though it was not clear if there was a direct connection between him and the attempt on Aziz.
The government has promised a reward of 10 million rupees (US $175,000) for information about the identity of the suicide bomber, state-run Pakistan Television reported.
US. embassies in East Africa were attacked with bombs in ______.
David Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, credits the world's economic and social progress over the last thousand years to" Western civilization and its dissemination." The reason, he believes, is that Europeans invented systematic economic development. Landes adds that three unique aspects of European culture were crucial ingredients in Europe's economic growth. First, science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constraints of organized religion and from the political constraints of centralized authority. Though Europe lacked a political center, its scholars benefited from the use of a single vehicle of communication: Latin. This common tongue facilitated an adversarial discourse in which new ideas about the physical world could be tested, demonstrated, and then accepted across the continent and eventually across the world. Second, Landes espouses a generalized form. of Max Weber's thesis that the values of work, initiative, and investment made the difference for Europe. Despite his emphasis on science, Landes does not stress the notion of rationality as such.
In his view," what counts is work, thrift, honesty, patience, [and] tenacity." The only route to economic success for individuals or states is working hard, spending less than you earn, and investing the rest in productive capacity. This is his fundamental explanation of the problem posed by his book's subtitle: "Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor." For historical reasons—an emphasis on private property, an experience of political pluralism, a temperate climate, and an urban style—Europeans have, on balance, followed those practices and therefore have prospered. Third, and perhaps most important, Europeans were learners. They" learned rather greedily," as Joel Mokyr put it in a review of Landes's book. Even if Europeans possessed indigenous technologies that gave them an advantage (spectacles, for example), as Landes believes they did, their most vital asset was the ability to assimilate knowledge from around the world and put it to use—as in borrowing the concept of zero and rediscovering Aristotle's Logic from the Arabs and taking paper and gunpowder from the Chinese via the Muslim world. Landes argues that a systematic resistance to learning from other cultures had become the greatest handicap of the Chinese by the eighteenth century and remains the greatest handicap of Arab countries today.
Although his analysis of European expansion is almost nonexistent, Landes does not argue that Europeans were beneficent bearers of civilization to a benighted world. Rather, he relies on his own commonsense law:" When one group is strong enough to push another around and stands to gain by it, it will do so." In contrast to the new school of world historians, Landes believes that specific cultural values enabled techno logical advances that in turn made some Europeans strong enough to dominate people in other parts of the world. Europeans therefore proceeded to do so with great viciousness and cruelty. By focusing on their victimization in this process, Landes holds, some postcolonial states have wasted energy that could have been put into productive work and investment. If one could sum up Landes's advice to these states in one sentence, it might be "Stop whining and get to work." This is particularly important, indeed hopeful, advice, he would argue, because success is not permanent. Advantages are not fixed, gains from trade are unequal, and different societies react differently to market signals. Therefore, not only is there hope for undeveloped countries, but developed countries have little cause to be complacent, because the current situation" will press hard" on them.
The thrust of studies like Landes's is to identify those distinctive features of European civilization that lie behind Europe's rise to power and th
听力原文： Bad weather forced mission managers to postpone launching NASA's Messenger spacecraft on a Boeing Delta 2 rocket early on Monday.
Managers stopped the launch because of clouds near the pad at a critical point in the countdown. The minuscule 1 E-second launch window left no time to try again.
NASA hopes to try again early on Tuesday.
Messenger is set to begin a 4. 9 billion mile journey to orbit the planet Mercury and collect data on the planet's geology and atmospheric composition. It will be the first spacecraft to visit the planet since Mariner 10 whizzed by three times in 1974 and 1975. It will also be the first spacecraft ever to orbit the planet.
Launch controllers have until Aug. 14 to launch the spacecraft. After that, planetary alignment issues will postpone the launch for about a year. Upcoming launch opportunities will also have extraordinarily short launch windows.
The Messenger spacecraft was originally scheduled to be launched on ______.
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