题目内容
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Americans used to stand tall as the people with the highest average height in the world. However, since the middle of this century, several Scandinavian (斯堪的那维亚的) countries have moved ahead and now have taller citizens on average than the United States.
"One of the keys to understanding why America is falling behind other countries in terms of stature has to do with access to health care, particularly for children," said Richard Steckel, a professor of economics and anthropology at Ohio state university.
"I suspect there are pockets of poverty in the United States where the lack of medical programs and nutritional programs may be factors in poor health, and the reason some people aren't growing as tall as they might."
"I think the countries that have surpassed the United States have done well in reaching nearly everyone with complete health and nutrition services."said Steckel. "The success of the Scandinavian countries in health care shows up in many measures, not just height, such as mortality rates(死亡率) and life expectancy(寿命)."
Immigration to the United States of people with shorter average heights -- such as Asian -- can' t explain why other countries have moved ahead in average height, according to Steckel. "In the past half century, the change in ethnic (种族的) composition hasn't been enough to make a significant difference in the country's average height."
Steckel said he first began investigating height as an alternative way to measure the standard of living -- a traditional area of research for economists.
Research has shown that average height is significantly associated with a country's per capita (人均) income. But studying height has some advantages, Steckel said. For example, researchers have records of average height that go further back in history than do records of national income. Height also tells a slightly different story about the standard of living because it measures consumption of basic necessities, rather than output. Moreover, because growth occurs mostly in childhood, it allows researchers to look at how resources are allocated within families.
"Studying height captures some things about the standard of living that income leaves out," Steckel said, "Economists need to take a multiple approach to studying the standard of living."
The reason that the average height of Americans is falling behind that of several Scandinavian countries is that______.
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In recent years, more and more foreigners are involved in the teaching programs of the United States. Both the advantages and the disadvantages【C1】______using foreign faculty(教师总称)【C2】______teaching positions have to be【C3】______, of course. It can be said that the foreign【C4】______that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also【C5】______problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual. The foreign research scholar usually isolates【C6】______in the laboratory as a means of protection;【C7】______, what he needs is to be fitted【C8】______a highly organized university system quite different from【C9】______at home. He is faced in his daily work【C10】______differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching. Both the visiting professor and his students【C11】______a common ground in each other's cultures, some【C12】______of what is already in the minds of American students is【C13】______for the foreign professor. While helping him to【C14】______himself to his new environment, the university must also【C15】______certain adjustments in order to【C16】______full advantage of what the newcomer can【C17】______It isn't always known how to make【C18】______use of foreign faculty, especially at smaller colleges. This is thought to be a【C19】______where further study is called【C20】______. The findings of such a study will be of value to colleges and universities with foreign faculty.
【C1】
听力原文：M: Hi, Sarah. What's up？
W: Oh, hi. I just got out of a history class. I had to give a presentation.
M: How did it go？
W: Terribly. I'm sure I made a fool of myself.
M: Why？ Weren't you prepared？
W: No, it's not that. 1 just get so embarrassed and nervous whenever 1 have to speak in front of a group of people. I stand up and my Pace gets red and...then I get even more nervous because I know everyone can see me blushing.
M: It is not so bad to blush.
W: But it happens all the time. If the professor asks a question and I know the answer, I'll blush like crazy if he calls oil me. Doesn't that ever happen to you？
M: No, not really. Maybe you should try to forget about the people. Look at something else in the room, like the exit sign.
W: I guess I could try that. But I doubt that it'll help.
M: You know we talked about this in psychology class. Blushing, even though it's involuntary, is more or less a learned behavior.
W: What do you mean？
M: Oh, children hardly ever blush at all. And, among adults, supposedly women blush more than men.
W: I wonder why.
M: l don't know. But I had a friend in high school, Brian Smith. It was really easy to make him blush. He turned red whenever a waitress would ask him for his order.
W: I'm not that bad. Well, I've got to get going for my next class. I'll talk to you later.
(20)
听力原文：W: Fasten your belts, and we will take off soon.
M: But Would you like to tell me how to fasten it？
Q: Where did the conversation take place？
(18)
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
That experiences influence subsequent behavior. is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without, the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior. demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting. may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what .would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior. that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In tiffs view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the. rate at which individuals forgets is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
From the evolutionary point of view.
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