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A simple diet high in vitamins and sugar but low in fat and chemicals benefits those people in Hunza.
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Most people in the mountains of Eduador drink a lot of coffee and alcohol, but they still
Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminating such laws would destroy the fruits of a century-long struggle for the protection of women workers. Even a brief examination of the historic practice of courts and employers would show that the fruit of such laws has been bitter; they are, in practice, more of a curse than a blessing.
Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerning women's needs and abilities, and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses for discriminating against women. After the Second World War, for example, businesses and government sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thus making room in the labor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily or weekly work hours of women conveniently accomplished this. Employers had only to declare that overtime hours were a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factory, and women could be quite legally fired, refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the name of“protecting”their health. By validating such laws when they are challenged by lawsuits, the courts have colluded over the years in establishing different, 1ess advantageous employment terms for women than for men, thus reducing women's competitiveness on the job market. At the same time, even the most well-intentioned lawmakers, courts, and employers have often been blind to the real needs of women. The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth.
Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of childbearing years；manufacturers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them. Thus the sex-defined legislation protects the hypothetical female worker, but has no effect whatever on the safety of any actual employee. The health risks to male employees in such industries cannot be negligible. since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses or sterility in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Protective laws aimed at changing production materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit all employees without discriminating against any.
In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory and do not meet their intended purpose. Legislators should recognize that women are in the work force to stay, and that their needs—good health care. a decent wage,and a safe workplace—are the needs of all workers. Laws that ignore these facts violate women's rights for equal protection in employment.
According to the author, which of the following resulted from the passage or revival of state 1aws limiting the work hours of women workers？
Shirali probably lived until 168;Tsurba probably lived until age 1
Part A
Directions: You will hear a talk. As you listen, answer Questions 1-10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1-10.
听力原文： There are several places in the world that are famous for people who live for a very long time．Theses places are usually mountainous areas，far away from modem cities．Doctors，scientists and public health experts often travel to these regions to solve a mysterious long healthy life；the expertshope to bring to the modem world the secrets of longevity．
Hunza is high in the Hymalayan Mountains of Asia．There，many people over one hundred years of age are still in physical health．Men of ninety are new fathers．and women of fifty still have babies．What are the reasons for this good health？ Scientists believe that the people of Hunza have these three benefits：first，physical work，usually in the fields or with animals；second，a health environment with clean air and water：and what's more, a simple diet high in vitamins and nutrition but low in fat，cholesterol，sugar and chemicals．
People in the Caucasus Mountain in Russia are also famous for their longevity．In this area，there are amazing examples of very long-lived people．Birth records are not usually available．but a woman called Tsurba probably lived until age 160; a man called Shirali probably lived until 168．His widow was 120 years old．In general，people not only live a long time，but they also live well．They are almost never sick，and when they die，they have not only their own teeth but also a full head of hair and good eyesight．
Vilcabamba，Ecuador，is another area famous for the longevity of its habit ants．This region—like Hunza and the Caucasus—is also in high mountains．far away from cities．In Vilcabamba．too．there is very little disease．One reason for the good health of the people might be the clean，beautiful environment：the temperature is about 70 Fahrenheit all year long；the wind always comes from the same direction；and the region is rich in flowers，fruits，vegetables and wildlife．
In some ways，the diets of the habitants in the three regions are quite different．Hunzukuts eat mainly raw vegetables，fruit(especially apricots)，and chapattis—a kind of pancake；they eat meat only a few times a year．The Caucasian diet consists mainly of milk，cheese，vegetables，fruit and meat；most people there drink the local red wine daily．In Vilcabamba，people eat a small amount of meat each week，bat the diet consists largely of grain，corns，beans，potatoes and fruit．
Experts find one surprising fact in the mountains of Ecuador．Most people there，even the very old，consume a lot of coffee，drink a large amount of alcohol，and smoke forty to sixty cigarettes daily．
However，the diets are similar in two general ways：first，the fruits and vegetables that the inhabitants of the three areas eat are all natural；that is，they contain no chemicals and second，the people consume fewer calories than people do in the other parts of the world．A typical North American takes in all average of 3,300 calories every day；a typical inhabitant of these mountainous areas between 1,700 and 2,000 calories．
Inhabitants in the three regions have more in common calories, natural food，their mountains and their distance from modem cities．because these people live in countryside and are mostly farmers，their lives are physically hard．Thus，they do not need to go to health clubs because they get a lot of exercise in their daily work．In addition，although，their lives are hard，the people do not seem to have the worries of city people．Their lives are quiet．Consequently，some experts believe that physical exercise and freedom from worry might be the two most important secrets of longevity．
Some modem cities are usually famous for people who live a very long time.
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