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2 The study was conducted via student surveys, and the data were collected from the same group of adolescents in three waves from 1995 to 2002. The study, which surveyed an estimate of 20,000 students, was sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and other federal agencies. The study's authors, Jay Greene and Greg Forster, concluded that students in suburban high schools consume alcohol, smoke cigarettes and partake in as much illegal drug use as students in urban schools, and sometimes even more than their city counterparts. Students in suburban schools also had about the same levels of sexual behavior. as their urban counterparts. The authors suggest that folks who have been fleeing the city hoping to find a "wholesome" life may just come up wanting.
3 Greene, a senior fellow at the institute, told me that he was surprised that the study showed there isn't too much of a difference between urban and suburban high schoolers.
4 Surprised？ That's because we continue to idealize the more affluent suburbs and demonize the poorer sections of the city. For decades, "city" has been a euphemism for black and poor and decadent, and "suburbs" synonymous with white and wealthy and puritanical. But, of course, neither has ever been totally true. Yet, we're often still surprised when a group of well-to-do kids do something stupid and not so surprised when poor kids do.
5 Henry Binford, an associate professor of history at Northwestern University, said there's a long history of idealizing suburban life that goes back to the 19th century. "Part of the appeal for people moving out was for them to get away from the dirt and crime, poor services and the hurly-burly of the downtown," he said. "Many imagined that the suburbs would be havens. They thought suburban life was healthier and more moral than city living. But the suburbs were never pure or safe or without difficulty as people thought they would be." It's fantasy duking it out with reality.
6 Why the similarities despite the differences in ZIP codes and, often, opportunities？ For starters—and this is a no-brainer—adolescents will be adolescents no matter where they live. They have to contend with similar peer pressures regarding sex, drugs and alcohol. Other pervasive influences, including various media messages, transcend suburban-urban boundaries.
7 Young people tend to have a high propensity for doing stupid things and getting themselves into sticky situations. How ZIP codes play a role is that some wealthier kids' parents can afford to get them unstuck far better than others. Most of us recognize that there is no hermetically sealed place to rear youngsters. But some people still think so, says Greene, a graduate of New Trier High School on the North Shore. "A lot of the flight to the suburbs is still related to the perception that certain social ills are so concentrated in the city," Greene said. That perception is reinforced by television shows and movies about city life; by the news. It's so ingrained that we tend not to question it. We take it for granted.
8 One of the things that attracted me to this study was not so much the similarities—the "findings" that kids will be kids wherever they live—
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Sunlight is the desert's most common resource while fresh air is the desert's greatest necessity.
【C13】
The Australian Parties
The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life.
The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively ,wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure a fair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments' implementing 'free-for-all' policies.
It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues.
Radical groups are only found within the Labor Party.
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