Read the article below about price planning.
Choose the best sentence from the list to fill each of the gaps.
For each gap 8—12 mark one letter (A—G) on your Answer Sheet.
Do not mark any letter more than once.
There is an example at the beginning.
A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is G The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings(8)… An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer's pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place, both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power(9)…To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sale and profit levels.
Many words are substitutes for the term price: admission fee, membership fee, rate, tuition, service charge, donation, rent, salary, interest, retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called, (10)… : monetary and non-monetary charges, discounts, handling and shipping fees, credit charges and other forms of interest, and late-payment penalties.
A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined. This is common with automobiles, (11)…This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.
From a broader perspective, price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of demand over supply, prices are usually bid up by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand, (12)…
A a price contains all the terms of purchase
B obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer
C where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in
D available for other items
E Prices are usually reduced by sellers
F price means what one pays for what he wants
G systematic decision-making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing
(8)
The grammatical words which play so large a
part in English grammar are for the most part
sharply and obviously different from the lexical
words. A rough and ready difference which may
seem the most obvious is that grammatical words 【1】______
have "less meaning", but in fact some grammarians 【2】______
have called them "empty" words as opposed in the 【3】______
"full" words of vocabulary. But this is a rather misled 【4】______
way of expressing the distinction. Although a word like
the is not the name of something as man is, it is very
far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 【5】______
difference in meaning between "man is vile" and
"the man is vile", yet the is the single vehicle of this 【6】______
difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words
differ considerably among themselves as the amount of 【7】______
meaning they have even in the lexical sense. Another
name for the grammatical words has been "little
words". But size is by no mean a good criterion for 【8】______
distinguishing the grammatical words of English,
when we consider that we have lexical words as 【9】______
go, man, say, car. Apart from this, however,
there is a good deal of truth in what some people
say: we certainly do create a great number of 【10】______
obscurity when we omit them. This is illustrated not
only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose
of telegrams and newspaper headlines.
【M1】