题目内容
程序设计语言可划分为低级语言和高级语言两大类。与高级语言相比，用低级语言开发的程序，其 (1) ，但在 (2) 的场合，还经常全部或部分地使用低级语言。在低级语言中，汇编语言与机器语言十分接近，它使用了 (3) 来提高程序的可读性。高级语言有很多种类，其中，PROLOG是一种 (4) 型语言，它具有很强的 (5) 能力。 (2)
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There’s a human liver sitting in a lab dish in Madison, Wis. Also a heart, a brain and every bone in the human body even though the contents of the dish are a few cells too small to be seen without a microscope. But these are stem cells, the most immature human cells ever discovered, taken from embryos before they had decided upon their career path in the body. (46) If scientists could only figure out how to give them just the right kick in just the right direction, each could become a liver, a heart, a brain or a bone. (47) When a team from the University of Wisconsin announced their discovery, doctors around the world looked forward to a new era of medicine one without organ-donor shortages or the tissues-rejection problems that bedevil transplant patients today.Doctors also saw obstacles, though. One of them was a U. S. Congress skittish about research on stem cells taken from unwanted human embryos and aborted fetuses. Indeed, 70 lawmakers asked in a firmly worded letter that the Federal Government ban all such work.Yet the era of "grow your own" organs is already upon us, as researchers have sidestepped the stem cell controversy by making clever use of ordinary cells. Today a machinist in Massachusetts is using his own cells to grow a new thumb after he lost part of his chest wall in an accident. A teenager born without half of his chest wall is growing a new cage of bone and cartilage within his chest cavity. Scientists announced that bladders, grown from bladder cells in a lab, have been implanted in dogs and are working. Meanwhile, patches of skin, the first "tissue-engineered" organ to be approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, are healing sores and skin ulcers on hundreds of patients across the U. S.How have scientists managed to do all this without those protean stem cells Part of the answer is smart engineering. (48) Using materials such as polymers with pores no wider than a toothbrush bristle, researchers have learned to sculpt scaffolds in shapes into which cells can settle. The other part of the answer is just plain cell biology. (49) Scientists have discovered that they don’t have to teach old cells new tricks; given the right framework and the right nutrients, cells will organize themselves into real tissues as the scaffolds dissolve. "I’m a great believer in the cells. They’re not just lying there, looking stupidly at each other," says Francois Auger, an infectious disease specialist and builder of artificial blood vessels at Laval University in Quebec City. "They will do the work for you if you treat them right."Replacement hearts—or even replacement heart parts—are at least a decade off, estimates Kiki Hellman, who monitors tissue-engineering efforts for the FDA. "Any problem that requires lots of cell types ’talking’ to one another is really hard," she notes. Bone and cartilage efforts are much closer to fruition, and could be ready for human trials within two years. (50) And what of those magical stem cells that can grow into any organ you happen to need—if the law and biologists’ knowledge permit "Using them," says Sefton, "is really the Holy Grail.\ Scientists have discovered that they don’t have to teach old cells new tricks; given the right framework and the right nutrients, cells will organize themselves into real tissues as the scaffolds dissolve.
HERE’S A TALE OF TWO COMPANIES. Both are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals involving allegations of sexual harassment. Company A is confronted with the problem and punishes top execs. Company B stonewalls and mounts an aggressive campaign to discredit its accusers and portray itself as a victim of corporate slander.(41) For business schools looking for a few good case studies in damage control, last week was about as good as it gets. One was Swedish pharmaceuticals company Astra USA, a maker of asthma medications and the popular anesthetic Xylocaine. Facing similar charges, Mitsubishi Motor manufacturing of America opted for in your-face denial. Who did it right It’s too soon to know for sure. Astra’s strategy may seem smarter. Financially speaking, at least, one can see why Mitsubishi is reluctant to issue a public mea culpa. Fessing up could expose it to as much as $ 200 million in damages.Such controversies are no rarity these days. The Equal Employment Opportunity commission alone received more than 15, 000 complaints of sexual harassment last year, more than twice as many as in 1991. Its suit against Mitsubishi, filed last month, may turn out to be by far the biggest ever—and could eventually involve as many as two thirds of the company’s 900 female workers.(42) Mitsubishi’s response was clear from the beginning. When the EEOC announced its case against the Illinois automaker, the company dispatched busloads of workers to picket the agency’s Chicago offices. Attorneys for Mitsubishi will no doubt probe the private lives of the women lodging complaints, and may even accuse them of "Japanbashing." Mitsubishi’s brass in Tokyo seemed a bit taken aback by the ferocity of the counteroffensive, to the point of suggesting that maybe the case could be quietly settled.(43)Could such tactics be effective If aggressive PR makes people doubt the allegations against the company, or encourages federal investigators to settle on more favorable terms, then the strategy will have succeeded. But there are risks, especially for consumer companies like Mitsubishi.(44) That’s no small threat, considering that Mitsubishi is struggling to turn a profit in this country.(45)Astra’s strategy seems savier. Its openness and prompt response might help it evade punitive damages, should any of the complaints go to a jury. In fact, that may be a chief reason the company acted even before it completed its own investigation. That said, Astra is in the soup to begin with because it had no adequate mechanisms for reporting incidents, and because it failed to deal with its problems before they became public. Women have complained of harassment at the company for more than a decade. Business Week reports incidents ranging from gropings at company retreats to suggestions that female sales reps could advance their careers by putting out sexually for their bosses—including the head of the company, Lars Bildman. (His lawyer denies the allegations, as do the other executives.) So far, Astra itself has offered no evidence suggesting any of the three are guilty. Both companies now promise to do better. Astra is overhauling its corporate personnel policies and plans to train managers on how to handle issues of sexual discrimination. So is Mitsubishi. Says the automaker’s general counsel Gary Shultz: "We are going to become the model in handing sexual-harassment and-discrimination cases." That remains to be seen. If these sorts of scandals force companies to set up rules that actually work, that may be the best case study of all.[A] That’s precisely what the company did in response to a prior sexual-harassment suit filed by 29 women in 1994.[B] "A great deal of attention should be paid to these affairs." Says Mitsubishis’s spokesman[C] But "we’re taking these allegations very seriously," says Astra spokesman Benjamin Kincannon.[D] Outraged by the automaker’s seeming disregard of its problems, perennial presidential hopeful Jesse Jackson and the National Organization for Women called on car buyers to boycott the company.[E] When business Week published tales of wide-ranging abuse at Astra’s American subsidiary, outside Boston, the company quickly faced up to the problem and suspended its U. S. chief executive, along with two top lieutenants.[F] Prof. Martin Stoller, a crisis-management expert at Northwestern University, thinks so. "The aim of crisis management is to stop the attackers," he says. 42
There’s a human liver sitting in a lab dish in Madison, Wis. Also a heart, a brain and every bone in the human body even though the contents of the dish are a few cells too small to be seen without a microscope. But these are stem cells, the most immature human cells ever discovered, taken from embryos before they had decided upon their career path in the body. (46) If scientists could only figure out how to give them just the right kick in just the right direction, each could become a liver, a heart, a brain or a bone. (47) When a team from the University of Wisconsin announced their discovery, doctors around the world looked forward to a new era of medicine one without organ-donor shortages or the tissues-rejection problems that bedevil transplant patients today.Doctors also saw obstacles, though. One of them was a U. S. Congress skittish about research on stem cells taken from unwanted human embryos and aborted fetuses. Indeed, 70 lawmakers asked in a firmly worded letter that the Federal Government ban all such work.Yet the era of "grow your own" organs is already upon us, as researchers have sidestepped the stem cell controversy by making clever use of ordinary cells. Today a machinist in Massachusetts is using his own cells to grow a new thumb after he lost part of his chest wall in an accident. A teenager born without half of his chest wall is growing a new cage of bone and cartilage within his chest cavity. Scientists announced that bladders, grown from bladder cells in a lab, have been implanted in dogs and are working. Meanwhile, patches of skin, the first "tissue-engineered" organ to be approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, are healing sores and skin ulcers on hundreds of patients across the U. S.How have scientists managed to do all this without those protean stem cells Part of the answer is smart engineering. (48) Using materials such as polymers with pores no wider than a toothbrush bristle, researchers have learned to sculpt scaffolds in shapes into which cells can settle. The other part of the answer is just plain cell biology. (49) Scientists have discovered that they don’t have to teach old cells new tricks; given the right framework and the right nutrients, cells will organize themselves into real tissues as the scaffolds dissolve. "I’m a great believer in the cells. They’re not just lying there, looking stupidly at each other," says Francois Auger, an infectious disease specialist and builder of artificial blood vessels at Laval University in Quebec City. "They will do the work for you if you treat them right."Replacement hearts—or even replacement heart parts—are at least a decade off, estimates Kiki Hellman, who monitors tissue-engineering efforts for the FDA. "Any problem that requires lots of cell types ’talking’ to one another is really hard," she notes. Bone and cartilage efforts are much closer to fruition, and could be ready for human trials within two years. (50) And what of those magical stem cells that can grow into any organ you happen to need—if the law and biologists’ knowledge permit "Using them," says Sefton, "is really the Holy Grail.\ If scientists could only figure out how to give them just the right kick in just the right direction, each could become a liver, a heart, a brain or a bone.
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