题目内容
Emotions are generally triggered by environmental events. Anger, joy and sadness are most frequently a response to a set of external events. However, internal processes, such as imagery, can also initiate emotional reactions.
All emotions, as subjectively experienced and identified, appear to be associated with physiological changes. The emotions labeled as "joy", "fear" and "anger" occur in conjunction with very similar physiological patterns. Current thinking leans towards accepting the primacy (首位，至高无上) of physiological changes, which are then interpreted based on environmental occurrences. For example, a sudden falling sensation will initiate physiological changes. These changes would be interpreted on the basis of the situation in which they occur: exhilaration or excitement of bungee jumping; fear of falling from a ledge (岩脊).
Another characteristic feature of an emotional experience is cognitive thought. Emotions generally, although not necessarily, are accompanied by thinking. The types of thoughts and our ability to think "rationally" vary with the type and degree of emotion. Extreme emotional responses are frequently used as an explanation for inappropriate thoughts or actions: "I was so mad I couldn't think straight."
Emotions also have associated behaviors. While the behaviors vary between individuals and within individuals across different times and situations, there are unique behaviors characteristically associated with different emotions: fear triggers fleeing responses, anger triggers striking out, grief triggers crying, and so on.
Finally, and most importantly, emotions involve subjective feelings. In fact, it is the feeling component (组成部分) that is generally referred to when emotions are mentioned. Grief, joy, anger, jealousy and fear feel very different from one another. These subjectively determined feelings are the essence of emotion.
While all individuals generally evaluate emotions in a consistent manner and within individuals over time, there are some individual and situational variations. For example, few people generally want to be sad or afraid, yet we all occasionally enjoy a movie or a book that scares or saddens us—or even some of the frightening rides at theme parks!
If asked, we could doubtless name numerous emotions. A group of 20 or so people can generally name or describe several hundred emotions. Therefore, it is not surprising that researchers have attempted to categorize or type emotions into more manageable clusters. Plutchik lists eight basic emotional categories: fear; anger; joy; sadness; acceptance; disgust; expectancy; surprise.
According to Plutchik, all other emotions are secondary emotions and represent combinations of these basic categories. For example, delight is a combination of surprise and joy, and contempt is composed of disgust and anger.
What are the elements that produce human emotions？
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听力原文：W: Elizabeth Martin speaking.
M: Dr. Martin, my name is Mark Johnson. My roommate Benjamin John is in your art history class, Art History 502.
W: Yes.
M: Well, he's sick and won't be in your class today. He asked me to bring his term paper to your office.
W: OK. The paper is due by three o'clock.
M: I have a class from one to two. I'll bring it to your office after my class.
W: Well, I have a meeting this afternoon, so you can drop it off with the secretary of the Art History Department. She'll see that I get it.
M: OK. Oh, I almost forgot. I'm a biology major, but my adviser told me that I need one more humanities course to graduate. I noticed you're teaching a course on landscape painters next semester. Could you tell me a little bit about it？
W: Sure. Well, it's a course for non-art majors. We'll be looking at several different painters and examining their works. We'll also look at the history and politics of the era in which they lived.
M: That sounds interesting. What is required for the course？
W: There's no final exam, and there's only one required book. But each student has to give a major presentation about an individual painter at the end of the course.
M: Hm, it sounds good. Will you be in your office later today？ I'd like to talk with you about it.
W: Well, my meeting's scheduled to last all afternoon. Why don't you stop by tomorrow anytime in the afternoon？ My office is in the Fine Arts Building right next to the library.
M: Thanks. I'll do that.
(20)
A．Come to her office before her meeting.B．Change his major.C．Meet with her tomorrow.D．
听力原文：M: Do you think the poster looks good here？
W: Well, it's better than a blank wall.
Q: What does the woman say about the poster？
(18)
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
The planet's wild creatures face a new threat—from yuppies (雅皮士), empty nesters and one parent families.
Biologists studying the pressure on the planet's dwindling biodiversity today report on a new reason for alarm. Although the rate of growth in the human population is decreasing, the number of individual households is exploding.
Even where populations have actually dwindled in some regions of New Zealand, for instance— the numbers of individual households has increased, because of divorce, career choice, smaller families and longer lifespan.
Jianguo Lin of Michigan State University and colleagues from Stanford University in California report in Nature, in a paper published online in advance, that a greater number of individual households, each containing on average fewer people, meant more pressure on natural resources.
Towns and cities began to sprawl (蔓生，蔓延) as new homes were built. Each household needed fuel to heat and light it; each household required its own plumbing, cooking and refrigeration.
"In larger households, the efficiency of resource consumption will be a lot higher, because more people share things," Dr Liu said. He and his colleagues looked at the population patterns of life in 141 countries, including 76 "hotspot' regions unusually rich in a variety of local wildlife. These hot spots included Australia, New Zealand, the US, Brazil, China, India, Kenya, and Italy. They found that between 1985 and 2000 in the "hotspot" parts of the globe, the annual 3.1% growth rate in the number of households was far higher than the population growth rate of 1.8%.
"Had the average household size remained at the 1985 level," the scientists report, "there would have been 155 million fewer households in hotspot countries in 2000.
Dr Liu's work grew from the alarming discovery that the giant pandas living in China's Wolong reserve are more at risk now than they were when the reserve was first established. The local population had grown, but the total number of homes had increased more swiftly, to make greater inroads into the bamboo forests.
Only around 1.75 million species on the planet have been named and described. Biologists estimate that there could be 7 million, or even 17 million, as yet to be identified. But human numbers have grown more than sixfold in the past 200 years, and humans and their livestock are now the greatest single consumer group on the planet. The world population will continue to soar, perhaps leveling off around 9 billion in the next century. Environmental campaigners have claimed that between a quarter and a half of all the species on earth could become extinct in the next century.
Biologists report that the biodiversity is decreasing because ______.
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