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单词互译：geodetic surveying：()平面测量，平面测量学：()控制测量：()vertical survey：()地形测量：()碎部测量：()

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单词互译：cadastral survey/land survey/property survey/boundary survey：（）route survey：（）pipe survey：（）city survey：（）hydrographic survey：（）marine survey：（）mine survey：（）geological survey：（）

段落翻译（手写拍照上传）：Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.

段落翻译（手写拍照上传）：Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface. Hence, in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earth’s minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed.

段落翻译（手写拍照上传）：The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.