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Inspired by the idea that Aryans constitute a "master race," Germany began in the 1930s a program of racial/ethnic purification to rid the country of "desirable" members of the population, including Jews, mentally or physically disabled people, Gypsies, and mixed-race children. The program began after Hitler came to power in 1933, with the enactment of mandatory sterilization laws and it soon included "euthanasia" of mentally or physically disabled people.
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Less well-known are the Japanese chemical and biological warfare experiments on Chinese prisoners of war, which took place on mainland China from 1932 to 1945. These experiments did not gain much notoriety until the 1990s because the US government was interested in the data from these experiments.
After the Second World War, one of the next important events involving research with human subjects was the development of the polio vaccine. Polio (poliomyelitis) had been one the most feared childhood diseases, killing or permanently disabling thousands of people in the US each year.
Research on a polio vaccine took place in the 1930s, with little success. In the late 1940s, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), nicknamed the March of Dimes for millions of contributors giving a dime to the cause, began sponsoring research on a polio vaccine. In 1959, the Foundation announced it would conduct field trials of a vaccine, led by Jonas Salk (1914–1995).
By 1956, 75% of children, ages 5–12, had received the polio vaccine in the US. In 1957, the incidence of polio dropped to 3 per 100,000. Although the polio vaccine clinical trial was a major victory in the fight against childhood diseases, it did raise some ethical concerns.
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