A person becomes part of the Christian community through baptism--it is a matter of choice【C1】______ birth. The Christian community is a gathered community 【C2】______ who believe that Jesus is the Christ and that they have salvation 【C3】______ . It is open to males and females of any age, race, or 【C4】______ . A Christian is normally affiliated with a particular parish or congregation that is 【C5】______ the care of a particular clergyperson. A baptized person is usually 【C6】______ a Christian by all Christians everywhere; however, there may be some additional requirements to meet if a person 【C7】______ to a church of a different tradition.
Giving money and goods needed by others 【C8】______ a part of Christian living. Some Christians engage in tithing, the 【C9】______ of 10 percent of their income to support the work of the church, 【C10】______ includes charitable services of those in need. Other Christians give smaller 【C11】______ of their income to the church but contribute either directly to those in need or to organizations that serve human beings or lower animals.
Although some Christians believe the world will continue to become more evil until Christ returns to earth, 【C12】______ think that they 【C13】______ improve the world. Christian service to God means, 【C14】______ , not only charity to meet current needs but also altering institutions and structures of society in order to 【C15】______ poverty, illness, and injustices. For some Christians, the social implications of the gospel are almost as important as the religious. John Woolman visited the slaveholders in the United States to 【C16】______ them to free their slaves. Henry Ward Beecher openly supported a campaign to free all the slaves. Walter Rauschenbusch labored to improve living and working conditions for poor people in cities. Albert Schweitzer brought modern medicine to peoples in Africa. Martin Luther King used the 【C17】______ resistance methods 【C18】______ by Mohandas K. Gandhi to win recognition of civil right for black people of the United states. Mother Teresa worked to save abandoned children in Calcutta. These few examples give some idea of the 【C19】______ of activities 【C20】______ have fostered to improve the living conditions of their fellow humans.
【C1】______
A. rather than
B. rather than of
C. rather...than of
D. not of
While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.
Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior. are likely to be imitated by classes immediately below them, who, in turn, are imitated by groups immediately below them in the serial structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, moves to its doom.
As a movement, fashion shows little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior. and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken.
The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require, an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.
It is known from the first paragraph that ______ .
A. fashion operates in every society
B. fashion can be found only in a few fields of group life
C. fashion originates in a class society
D. people like to keep up with fashion in a primitive society