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Why do companies adopt just-in-time inventory system？
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Read the article below about inventory.
For questions 13-18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.
Inventory
Inventory belongs to an important element of the cost of doing business in a large company. If a company is assembling cars, they must have a large number of parts in hand so that the assembly line does not stop because one part is missing. If cars are going down the assembly line and one person is supposed to fasten wheels on to the car, the whole line will stop if he runs out of fasteners. This means that several hundred men will be waiting while someone must find fasteners for the wheel. So there must be a sufficient number of parts of all sorts nearby in order to keep the car assembly line running smoothly.
A large supply of spare parts is very expensive, so a company will try to keep its inventory as low as it can without finding it necessary to stop production for lack of a part.
In a planned company, it was often difficult to secure spare parts and so many companies ordered many extra parts and kept large supplies of parts so that if a mistake was made in planning, they could continue to produce. This was known as just-in-case inventory.
As an economy moves from a planned economy to a market economy, the important thing for a business is to make money and not just produce. It's very expensive to keep large suppliers available just in case there is a delay in delivery. So increasingly, companies are moving to another system of inventory of spare parts as low as possible. This way they do not have to pay for parts used in production until just before they are paid for the finished product. This saves them much capital and is a much more efficient method of operating. The problem with this is that if a shipment is delayed or lost for some reason, the whole factory may have to stop because they don't have one little part. This is very expensive.
Most modern industries try to keep inventory as low as possible, but when they adopt just-in-time inventory control, they try to keep at least some extra in stock for emergencies.
In a planned economy it was often difficult to secure spare parts, ______.
An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8, 2005. It took some 75,000 lives, 【B1】 130,000 and left nearly 3.5 million without food, jobs or homes. 【B2】 overnight, scores of tent villages bloomed 【B3】 the region, tended by international aid organizations, military 【B4】 and aid groups working day and night to shelter the survivors before winter set 【B5】.
Mercifully, the season was mild. But with the 【B6】 of spring, the refugees will be moved again. Camps that 【B7】 health care, food and shelter for 150,000 survivors have begun to close as they were 【B8】 intended to be permanent.
For most of the refugees, the thought of going back brings 【B9】 emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of 【B10】 many as 10 people have had to shelter 【B11】 a single tent and share cookstoves and bathing 【B12】 with neighbors. “They are looking forward to the clean water of their rivers,” officials say. “They are 【B13】 of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start 【B14】 again.” But most will be returning to 【B15】 but heaps of ruins. In many villages, electrical 【B16】 have not been repaired, nor have roads. Aid workers 【B17】 that it will take years to rebuild what the earthquake took 【B18】. And for the thousands of survivors, the 【B19】 will never be complete.
Yet the survivors have to start somewhere. New homes can be built 【B20】 the stones, bricks and beams of old ones. Spring is coming and it is a good time to start again.
【B1】
At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph. D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement—jobs, research papers, awards—was viewed through the lens of gender(性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus(相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture(培育) , I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.
Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn't want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist？ After all, I don't study sociology or political theory.
Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women's college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how many of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don't dismiss those concerns. Still, I don't tell them "war" stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that's a sight worth talking about.
Why doesn’t the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again？
听力原文： During a 1995 roof collapse, a firefighter named Donald Herbert was left brain damaged. For ten years, he was unable to speak. Then, one Saturday morning, he did something that shocked his family and doctors. He started speaking. "I want to talk to my wife" Donald Herbert said out of the blue. Staff members of the nursing home where he has lived for more than seven years, raced to get Linda Herbert on the telephone. "It was the first of many conversations the 44-year-old patient had with his family and friends during the 14 hours stretch," Herbert's uncle Simon Menka said. "How long have I been away？" Herbert asked. "We told him almost ten years," the uncle said, "he thought it was only three months."
Herbert was fighting a house fire December 29, 1995, when the roof collapsed, burying him underneath. After going without air for several minutes, Herbert was unconscious for two and a half months and has undergone therapy ever since. News accounts in the days and years after his injury, described Herbert as blind and with little if any memory. A video shows him receiving physical therapy but apparently unable to communicate and with little awareness of his surroundings. Menka declined to discuss his nephew's current condition or whether the apparent progress is continuing. "The family was seeking privacy while doctors evaluated Herbert", he said. As word of Herbert's progress spread, visitors streamed into the nursing home. "He's resting comfortably," the uncle told them.
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