康华制药有限公司是一家较早成立于我国东北地区的大型制药企业集团,主要从事抗生素原料药及制剂的生产和销售,属于医药行业中的化学药品制造业。其产品涵盖抗生素原料药及制剂、中成药等系列,主要产品市场占有率近年来稳居全国第一位,是少数形成一定规模并在行业内享有一定知名度的化学药品制造公司。国内大部分抗生素类药品价格受国家监管且下降趋势将持续,处于有效规模经营的现有企业对于新进入者而言具有成本优势,从而构成进入障碍。现有企业率先对专利或专有技术、销售渠道等关键资源进行积累和控制,对新进入者构成进人障碍。国家有权监督药品的研制、进出口及上市后的销售和使用,使得现有企业在许可政策上具有优势。现有企业品牌更易于被市场接受,品牌认知度方面存在优势。大量企业以低端化学原料药制造为主,药品品种雷同且药性上相差无几,创新能力不够,极易被相近的替代品取代,国际市场竞争力较弱。康华制药集团其产品以低级仿制药品为主,技术含量不高,导致在原料采购、销售方面的定价能力有限,在与供应商讨价还价能力的较量中处于劣势。与此同时,从消费者的讨价还价能力来看,药品价格也同样受到国家监管,国家会经常出台药品价格政策和管理规定,药品定价受到约束,使购买者掌握信息更容易,增加了购买者讨价还价的能力。最后,我国化学制药企业数量多,但存在着规模普遍较小、知识产权亟待保护等问题,而且企业之间的同质化现象严重,行业内的竞争异常激烈。
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Listen to a dialogue and decode the message by finding out the correct choices in brackets according to what you have heard.[音频]It is a very lovely day. Bob and his Chinese friend Xiao Li would like to have some 1(outdoor, out-of-the-door, out-of-date) activity. Now they are discussing 2 (when to set off, what to do, whom to invite) . Xiao Li hasn't made up her mind yet, and Bob suggests they go to the lake area by 3 (bus, bike, car) . Xiao Li agrees by saying that they will have a good time enjoying the 4(foods, routes, woods) . Bob believes it must be very enjoyable for them to see the beautiful 5 (hill, view, dew) on their way to the lake area. Xiao Li suggests that they should take their time so that they can 6 (breathe in more fresh air, feel more relaxed, see more of nature) . They've also decided to bring with them the 7 (basketball, swimming suits, barbecue grills) . They will have a nice picnic by the 8 (lake, river, sea) .
本课程中,老师事前制定非常详细的评分标准,进行充分的评分前讨论再进行网上互评,即确定了量规。
A. 对
B. 错
下列哪种评价方式符合梯度与多样性的评价标准()
A. 课程采用一系列的测试方法,从概念考察到应用最后到分析
B. 只设置选择题进行测试
C. 课程开始就要求学生寻找研究资料,但是知道学期末才讲授文献查阅等知识
D. 没有过程性考察,只用一篇论文作为期末成绩
下列选项中,那些是优秀的评分规则的特征()
A. 不具体,衡量标准没有可操作性
B. 对作业的评价标准明确
C. 评价反馈的时间非常模糊
D. 注明了线上线下不同的参与方式