题目内容
According to the author, Allan Brandt's attitude towards the cigarette reflected in his book is one of
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In the research mentioned in the last paragraph, the archaeologist expressed their concern
Clinicians at a recent psychoanalytic conference brought forth interesting evidence that guilt, far from being the psychic impediment generally conceived, has the potential to inspire creativity, and enhance sensitivity.
Tests of prison inmates have shown significantly low scores on guilt scales, measured by psychologist - researcher Donald L. Mosber. The Mosher scales measure the tendency to feel guilt in three forms: sex guilt, hostility guilt, and general guilt, called morality conscience. Prisoners who had committed sex crimes scored low on sex guilt; those who were imprisoned the violent crimes scored low on hostility guilt; those incarcerated for crimes against property scored low on morality conscience.
Other studies conducted in the armed forces corroborate the findings that men accused of brutality to- ward those they command feel little or no sense of remorse or guilt, but tend to defend vigorously the "correctness" of their actions.
That guilt can be a lonely and lacerating burden, as has long been known. The ancient Greeks under- stood the redemptive feelings and cathartic benefits of watching the tragic hero struggle with guilt. Hamlet: plots to "catch the conscience of the King. "O’Neill re -creates the ancient themes and adds to them con- temporary guilt. The Judeo - Christian ethic transmits this heavy burden, commencing with" original sin" and continuing with the need for confession and atonement.
Although in the past many psychoanalysts, joined by a recent spate of authors, seem to have been dedicated to eliminating the sense of guilt, some clinicians hold that guilt is the necessary price for socialization.
Still others agree with Dr. Karl Menninger in the value of appropriate, or rational, guilt, and feel that a prime objective of therapeutic intervention should be to help the patient differentiate between guilt feelings that are unwarranted and unfounded, based perhaps on distorted perceptions of past occurrences, and those which are well -founded responses to real situations. The child, it is felt, should not be made to feel guilty a- bout exploring his body, just as the adult should not be ashamed of his or her sexuality. But this freedom must not be viewed as license. When tile individual’s desires or needs can be fulfilled without coming into conflict with societal needs, the albatross of guilt can be shed.
It is this new approach, this compromise, which we find surfacing in twentieth - century literature. Herzog and Willy Loman battle their needless guilt, and their experiences help us all to cope.
A point that the passage emphasizes concerning guilt is, by inference, that______.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：O: Mrs. Harrison (H), thanks very much for coming down here to the station. I--I know you've been through a terrible situation here today. Urn... I'd just like to go over some of the things that you told Sergeant Clark at the bank.
H: All right.
O: Uh, would you like a cup of tea？
H: No. No, I'm fine.
O: All right.
H: Thanks.
O: Well, urn.., could you describe the two people who robbed the bank for this report we're filling out here？ Now, anything at all that you can remember would be extremely helpful to us.
H: Well, uh... just... I can only remember basically what I said before.
O: That's all right.
H: The man was tall ... uh ... about six feet, and he had dark hair
O: Dark hair.
H: And he had a moustache.
O: Very good. All right, did he have any other distinguishing marks, I mean scars, for example, anything like that？
H: Scars... um ... no. No, none that I can remember.
O: Do you remember how old he was, by any chance？
H: Uh... well, I--I guess around thirty, ...
O: Around thirty.
H: ... may be younger, plus or minus a few years.
O: Mm-hmm. All right, do you, uh, remember anything about what he might have been wearing？
H: Yes. Yes, he--he had on a dark sweater, a--a solid colour. You know, the kind of colour young people fancy nowadays.
O: Or. Urn ... anything else that strikes you at the moment？
H: I--I remember he was wearing a light shirt under the sweater. A cotton one with dark, I think, dark stripes. It looked like a good brand.
O: Ah, very good.
H: Yes, yes.
O: Mm--hmm. All right, now, can you tell us anything about the female robber, Mrs. Harrison？
H: Well, I remember that she did most of the talking. She had the gun pointed at us and she told us to lie down, and not to move if we knew what was good for us. I remember it just felt like she was pointing the gun right at me, and my little daughter was right next to me and she--she was just so frightened ...
O: Uh, Mrs. Harrison, could you describe her for us？
H: Ugh. She was wearing a wool sweater ...
O: Ah, very good.
H: I remember it was a dark color; navy blue or ... or dark grey.
O: dark grey, mm--hmm.
H: ... and I guess she was in her late twenties. Uh, her hair was short, very short and a bit curly.
O: Do you remember how tall she was？
H: Uh... about the same as myself, around five four.
O: Five four, mm--hmm. All right, do you, uh remember anything else about this woman？
H: Yes. I remember that the woman was wearing a pendant around her neck.
O: Uh--hmm.
H: I remember specifically because I was then near the counter, next to the bank manager, and my little daughter started to cry...
O: Oh.
H: ... and this woman came up to me and was very rude to my daughter. So I had a good look at her and ... and she was sort of, uh, pulling on the chain, uh, playing with the pendant.
O: Oh？
H: It was gold, uh, well, anyway, it looked like gold, and it got a strange shape.
O: Mm--hmm. Did either of them have any other, uh, noticeable characteristics, Mrs. Harrison？ Now, just take a moment
H: No, I don't...
O: ... to think about this.
H: No. No, and this is really all I can remember.
O: Well, did either of them wear glasses？
H: No, no, I'm sure of that.
O: Mm--hmm. All right, Mrs. Harrison, I really appreciate what you've been through today. I'm just going to ask you to look at some photographs before you leave, if you don't mind. It won't take very long. Can you do that for me？
H: Oh, all right.
O: Would you like to step this way with me, please？
H: Ok. Sure.
O: Thank you.
S
Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in
this country, almost two- thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense - linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.
Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation ,investment in innovation - a risky and expensive budget item - might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost -cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large - scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases, where inter -industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.
The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are in- stances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.
According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ______.
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