The term "formal learning" is used in this paper to refer to all learning
which takes place in the classroom, without regard to such learning is 【M1】______
performed by conservative or progressive ideologies. "In formal learning",
on the other hand, is used to referring to learning which takes place outside 【M2】______
the classroom.
These definitions provide the essential, though by all means sole, 【M3】______
difference between the two modes of learning. Formal learning is separated
from daily life and, indeed, as Scribner and Cole(1973.. 553) have observed,
may actually "promote ways of learning and thing which often run counter on 【M4】______
those nurtured in practical daily life." A characteristic feature of formal
learning is the centrality of activities which are not closely paralleled by
activities outside the classroom. The classroom can prepare for, draw, and 【M5】______
imitate the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its
nature, consist of these challenges.
In doing this, language plays a crucial role as the major channel for
information exchange. "Success" in the classroom requires a student to
master this abstract signal. As Berstein noted, the language of the classroom 【M6】______
is more similar to the language used by middle-class families than that used by
working-class families. Middle class children thus find it easier to acquire the
language of the classroom than their working-class peers.
Informal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to conduct this role. 【M7】______
Informal learning is acquired as natural part of a child's socialization. Adults
or older children who are proficient at the skill or activity provide—sometimes 【M8】______
unintentionally—target models of behavior. in the course of everyday activity.
Informal learning, however, can take place at any time and is not subject by 【M9】______
the limitations imposed by institutional timetabling. 【M10】______
【M1】