Antcolonyoptimization(ACO)
Antcolonyoptimization(ACO)isaprobabalistic(stochastic),heuristicoptimizationtechniqueinspiredbythewayantsmake&findpathsfromthecolonytofood.Thetechniqueisusedtosolvediscreteoptimizationproblemsthatcanbereducedtofindinggoodpathsthroughgraphs.ThefirstappearanceofanACOsystemwasinaPhDthesisin1992byMarcoDorigoatPolitecnicodiMilano.ItwascalledAntSystem(AS).Since1995variousotherextendedversionsofAShavebeendeveloped,includingAntColonySystem(ACS)andMAX-MINAntSystem(MMAS).In1999DorigoproposedtheACOmetaheuristicthatbecamethemostsuccessfulandrecognizedalgorithmbasedonantbehavior.
B. Whenoneantfindsanoptimalpathfromthecolonytoafoodsource,otherantsaremorelikelytofollowthatpath&positivefeedbackeventuallycausesalltheantstofollowthesamepath.TheACOalgorithmmimicsthisbywalkingaroundthegraphrepresentingtheproblemtosolve.Thesealgorithmshavebeenappliedtothesymmetric&asymmetrictravelingsalesmanproblemwithnear-optimalresults.
C. TherehasbeenaninterestinusingACOfornetworkrouting&urbantransportationsystemssincethealgorithmcanberuncontinuouslygivingittheabilitytoadapttochangesinrealtime.Thisisanadvantageoverthesimulatedannealing&geneticalgorithmapproachessincetheydonotchangedynamically.
D. Inmachinelearning&dataminingproblems,ACOvariationshavebeenusedtocreateamodelofthewayworkerants"cluster"antcorpsesinantcemetarymaintenance.Thishasbeenappliedtoataskcalledclusteringinmachinelearningwhichinvolvesfindinggroupsofobjectsthataresimilar.Thismethodhasproventohavehigherperformance&accuracythanpreviousclassicalmethods.
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Toimplementstructural&functionalsyntheticmodulesintoanaturalchassisarchitecture,thecriteriaformoduledesignare:
A. stability
B. multiplicity
C. sensitivity
D. tunability&stochasticity
Whichofthefollowingalgorithmsareevolutionaryalgorithms?
A. evolutionary-type advancing front algorithm
B. hybrid genetic algorithm
C. gradient-assisted genetic algorithm
D. evolutionary learning algorithm
Toimplementstructural and functionalsyntheticmodulesintoanaturalchassisarchitecture,thecommonregulatorymotifsare:
A. simpleregulation
B. autoregulation
C. feedbackloop and feedforwardloop
D. cascade and logicgate
The properties of a synthetic module with a hierarchical structure to integrate metabolic & regulatory systems are:
A. independence/orthogonality
B. predictability
C. scalability
D. composability
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