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In a major practical milestone for synthetic biology, large-scale production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin was achieved in early ______. With funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through OneWorld Health and PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health), Amyris Inc. engineered an optimized artemisinic acid pathway in yeast and licensed it to Sanofi on a royalty-free basis.

A. 2000
B. 2004
C. 2008
D. 2013

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In ______, the genome of E. coli has been synthesized.

A. 2010
B. 2013
C. 2016
D. 2019

The global synthetic-biology market was valued at 2.1 billion dollars in 2012 and reached nearly 2.7 billion dollars in 2013; this market is expected to grow to _____ billion dollars by 2021.

A. 8.4
B. 9.4
C. 10.4
D. 11.4

Although there are multiple definitions of synthetic biology, one common view is that synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary research area that combines biology with chemistry, mathematics, computer science, and engineering and focuses on _________________ of biological systems by modifying, designing, and de novo constructing biological components with new functions.

A. assessment
B. change
C. engineering
D. synthesis

With rapid progress in the relevant technologies, it is expected that synthetic biology can overcome the limitations of natural ____________ and create synthetic organisms with desired properties.

A. selection
B. evolution
C. rule
D. law

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