题目内容
Language and Communication
In the study of language, it has been recognized that words used to convey sensory perceptions, feelings and emotions, but carry no meaning of themselves. They can trigger feelings or sensations that the listener has experienced--not more than that. We know that the perception of color varies with light, background, and distance. What is green seen by a colorblind person？ Which is the "real" color？ Are we not, in asking that question, implying that color exists independent of the observer？
Similarly, when we characterize an individual or a social behavior. as "good" or "bad", we are communicating the contention that this evaluation is absolute, objective and unchanging. Yet it should be apparent that varying observers would present disparate evaluations. We may, then, attempt to win agreement by describing the behavior. in question, offering criteria on which judgment was based, indicating that these criteria are personal. This communication style, the semanticist holds, will help bridge the gap between individuals and make the more likely that people will understand each other.
Students of language have experimented with the use of non-symbolic language as a means of overcoming linguistic barriers. The language of sounds, as in the cases of infants and animals, and the language of facial expression and body pose, have been termed "phatic communion" by Bronislaw Malinowski. We all know people who have good "poker faces". We also know some whose faces communicate-sometimes contradicting their spoken sentiments. Korzybski has pointed out that signal reactions, instantaneous and unmediated, if undifferentiated according to the appropriateness of the situation, reflect immature, impulsive personalities, while the development of the ability to delay response will permit modified, thoughtful symbol behavior, a characteristic of the mature person. (282)
The statement that shows the best understanding of the first two paragraphs of the passage is ______.
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The Romans leaded by______ came with 10,000 soldiers and landed on the shore of Kent in 55
As lapsed Catholics, they sought a group which had as little doctrine and dogma as possible, but what they considered having good moral and ethical values. After some searching, they joined the local Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. Although my parents did not attend Meetings for worship very often, I went to first Day School there regularly, eventually completing the course and receiving an inscribed Bible.
At the Quake School, I learnt about the concept of the "inner light" and it has stayed with me. I was, however, unable to accept the idea of Jesus Christ being any more divine than, say, Buddha. As a result, I be- came estrange from the Quakers, who, though believing in substantially the same moral and ethical values as I do, and even the same religious concept of the inner light, had arrived at these conclusions from a premise which I could not accept. I admit that my religion is the poorer for having not revealed word and no supreme prophet, but my inherited aversion to dogmatism limits my faith to a Supreme Being and the goodness of man.
Later, at another Meeting of Worship, I found that some Quakers had similar though not so strong reservations about the Christian aspects of their belief. I made some attempt to rejoin a Meeting for Worship, but found that, though they remained far closer to me than any other organized religious group, I did not wish to become one again. I do attend Meeting for Worship on occasion, but it is for the help on deep contemplation which it brings rather than any lingering desire to rejoin the fold.
I do believe in a "Supreme Being" (or ground of our being, as Tillich would call it). This being is ineffable and not to be fully understood by humans. He is not cut off from the world and we can know him somewhat through the knowledge which we are limited tea-the world. He is interested and concerned for humankind, but on man himself falls the burden of his own life. To me the message of the great prophets, especially Jesus, is that good is its own reward, and indeed the only possible rewards that are intrinsic in the actions themselves. The relationship between each human and the Supreme Being is an entire personal one.
It is my faith that each person has this unique relationship with the Supreme Being. To me that is the meaning of the inner light. The purpose of life, insofar as a human can grasp it, is to understand and increase this lifeline to the Supreme Being, this piece of divinity that every human has. Thus, the taking of any life by choice is the closing of some connection to God, and unconscionable. Killing anyone not only denies them their purpose, but corrupts the purpose of all men. (553)
If offered a reward for doing a good deed, the author would ______.
About how many hectares of the farmland were lost to economic expansion and natural disasters in 1998？
The discovery of the Antarctic not only proved one of the most interesting of all geographical adventures, but created what might be called "the heroic age of Antarctic exploration". By their tremendous heroism, men such as Shckleton, Scott, and Amundsen caused a new continent to emerge from the shadows, and yet that heroic age, little more than a century old, is already passing. Modern science and inventions are revolutionizing the techniques of former explorers, and, although still calling for courage and feats of endurance, future journeys into these icy wastes will probably depend on motor vehicles equipped with caterpillar traction rather than on the dogs that earlier discoverers found so invaluable.
Few realize that this Antarctic continent is almost equal in size to South America, and enormous field of work awaits geographers and prospectors. The coasts of this continent remain to be accurately chartered, and the mapping of the whole of the interior presents a formidable task to the cartographers who undertake the work. Once their labors are completed, it will be possible to prospect the vast natural resources which scientists believe will furnish on the of the largest treasure hoards of metals and minerals the world has yet known, and almost inexhaustible sources of copper, coal, uranium, and many other ores will become available to man. Such discoveries will usher in an era of practical exploitation of the Antarctic wastes.
The polar darkness which hides this continent for the six winter months will be defeated by huge batteries of light, and make possible the establishing of air-fields for the future inter-continental air services by making these areas as light as day. Present flying routes will be completely changed, for the Antarctic refueling bases will make flights from Australia to South America comparatively easy over the 5,000 miles journey.
The climate is not likely to offer an insuperable problem, for the explorer Admiral Byrd has shown that the climate is possible even for men completely untrained for expeditions into those frozen wastes. Some of his party were men who had never seen snow before, and yet he records that they survived the rigors of the Antarctic climate comfortably, so that, provided that the appropriate installations are made, we may assume that human beings from all countries could live there safely. Byrd even affirms that it is probably the most healthy climate in the world, for the intense cold of thousands of years has sterilized this continent, and rendered it absolutely germfree, with the consequences that ordinary and extraordinary sicknesses and diseases from which man suffers in other zones with different climates are here utterly unknown. There exist no problems of conservation and preservation of food supplies, for the latter keep indefinitely without any signs of deterioration; it may even be that later generations will come to regard the Antarctic as the natural storehouse for the whole world.
Plans are already on foot to set up permanent bases on the shores of this continent, and what so few years was regard as a "dead continent" now promises to be a most active center of human life and endeavor. (517)
When did man begin to explore the Antarctic？
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