题目内容
New Foods and the New World
In the last 500 years, nothing about people--not their clothes, ideas, or languages—has changed as much as what they eat. The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians. The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500&39;s. And although it was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable. In London, shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today.
The potato is also from the New World. Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown. Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the "Potato Famine" of 1845--1846, and thou-sands more Were forced to emigrate to America.
There are many other that that have traveled from South America to the Old World.. But some others went in the opposite direction. Brazil is now the world&39;s largest grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries. But it is native to Ethiopia. It was first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400&39;s.
According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a person named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush. He tried one and experienced the "wide-awake" feeling that one-third of the world&39;s population now starts the day with.
According to the passage， which of the following has changed the most in the last 500 years？ 查看材料
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Match the languages A-F with the statements below (Questions 36-40) which describe how a language was saved.
Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
Languages：
A——Welsh B——Maori C——Faroese
D——Romansch E——Ainu F——Kaurna
The region in which the language was spoken gained increased independence.
Nanotechnology
Many of the grand challenges of today and the future are found in the question: "How are we going to solve the problems and make serious improvements in industrial manufacturing, disease control, environmental pollution control, global climate change, food production, transportation, communication, and others？"
Nanotechnology (纳米技术 ) promises to make revolutionary contributions.Within the next few years we can expect to see major improvements. Here are some possibilities the things to come.Nanotechnology is fundamentally changing the way materials and devices will be produced in the future.
Nanostructures, ceramics, polymers, metals, and other materials will have greatly improved mechanical properties.In fact, with the ability to build things atom-by-atom and molecule-by-molecule there will be new classes of structural materials.Nanotechnology will enable products to be lighter, stronger, smarter, cheaper,cleaner, and more precise.
The ability to synthesize nanoscale budding blocks with precisely controlled size and composition and then to assemble them into larger structures with unique properties and functions will revolutionize segments of the materials manufacturing industry. Nanotechnology is expected to bring about lighter, stronger, and programmable materials ; reductions in life-cycle costs through lower failure rates; innovative devices based on new principles and architectures ; and use of molecular cluster manufacturing.
Nanotechnology will provide new tools for medicine.It could radically change the way surgery is done.It will make it possible to do molecular scale surgery to repair and rearrange cells.Since disease is the result of physical disorder, misarranged molecules and cells, medicine at this level should be able to cure most diseases.
Mutations in DNA could be repaired and cancer cells, toxic chemicals, and viruses could be destroyed through use of medical Nan devices.
Nanotechnology enabled increases in computational power will permit the characterization of macromolecular networks in realistic environments.Such simulations will be essential elements in the development of biocompatible implants and in the drug discovery process. Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact energy efficiency, storage, and production, Nanotechnology can change the economics of energy production.
The passage deals mainly with__________. 查看材料
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Dreams
Of all the components of a good night&39;s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated this revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the
late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind&39;s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line" . And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It&39;s your dream, " says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago&39;s Medical Center, "If you don&39;t like it, change it. "
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement ) sleep --when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain" ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning ) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day, " says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright&39;s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don&39;t always think about the emotional significance of the day&39;s events -until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there&39;s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic, " Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people&39;s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek
help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream -- on it and you&39;ll feel better in the morning.
Researchers have come to believe that dreams__________ 查看材料
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