题目内容
Friends May Be Key to Living Longer
Looking for the secret of a long life？ Look closely at your friends. New research suggests that having a strong network of friends helps people live longer.
"Older people with better social networks of friends were less likely to(51)over a 10-year follow-up (随访) period than older people with(52)friends networks," Lynne C. Giles of Flinders University in Australia told Reuters Health.
But in what may come as a surprising finding to older people(53)rely on their children and other relatives, having a large network of relatives was not associated with longer life, according(54)Giles and her colleagues.
"Of course, that is not to say that social networks(55)children and other relatives are not important in many other ways," Giles said.
Study after study has shown that elderly people who(56)connected with lots of people tend to live longer lives.(57), few studies have examined whether different types of relationships - with friends, partners, children and(58) relatives-have different effects on longevity (长寿).
Giles's team set out to examine the relationship between various types of social networks and(59)in a group of almost 1,500 Australians who were at least 70 years(60). Volunteers answered(61)about their social networks and then were followed for 10 years.
The researchers took into account several factors that could have influenced how long a person lived,(62)sex, age, health and smoking status.
What the study showed was(63)Older people who reported better social networks of friends were(64)likely to be alive at the end of the study than people with fewer friends.
But relationships with children and other relatives did not have(65)effect on survival in the study.
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37 "Some" in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to
33 When a person should be considered dead is currently a matter
What Is Death？
People in the past did not question the difference between life and death. They could see that a person died when his heart stopped beating. People have learned, however, that the body does not die immediately when the heart stops beating. They discovered that we remain alive as long as our brain remains active. Today the difference between life and death is not as easy to see as in the past. Modern medical devices can keep the heart beating and the lungs breathing long after the brain stops. But is this life？
This question has caused much debate among citizens in the United States. Many of them want a law that says a person is dead when the brain dies. A person should be considered dead when brain waves stop even if machines can keep the body alive. Such a law would permit doctors to speed removal (切除) of undiseased (没病的) organs for transplant (移植) operations.
The brain is made of thousands of millions of nerve cells. These cells send and receive millions of chemical and electrical messages every day. In this way the brain controls the other body activities. Nerve-cell experts say it is usually easy to tell when the brain has died. They put small electrodes (电极) on a person's skull (头骨) to measure the electrical signals that pass in and out of the brain. These brain waves are recorded on a television screen or on paper. The waves move up and down every time the brain receives messages from the nerve cells. The brain is dead when the waves stop moving.
Although there are people who oppose the idea of a law on brain block for various reasons, the idea of brain wave activity as a test of death is slowly being accepted.
People in the past held that the difference between life and death
Easy Learning
Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they've also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.
By the time babies are a year old, they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake:
To test the theory, Cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds one that sounds like "oo", another like "ee" and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. EEG(脑电图) recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.
Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to the other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.
When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who'd heard the tricky boundary vowels all night showed' brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognize this sound.They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.
Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this nighttime learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don't "turn off" their cerebral cortex(大脑皮层)while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the' course of the first years of life, she adds—so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.
Babies can learn even in their sleep.
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