Passage3:Highly selective colleges have long struggled with racial and economic diversity. At 38 such institutions in the United States, more students come from households in the top one percent than from those in the bottom 60 percent. That is in part due to who applies to the universities: Many high-achieving students from a low-income or minority background don’t think they can get into a prestigious institution, let alone pay for it – despite the fact that many such colleges have generous financial-aid packages – so they end up not applying.A new study, however, found that a few extra dollars on a university’s part might go a long way in terms of changing that difficult situation for low-income students. The working paper, published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, examined the effects of a targeted-outreach campaign (有针对性的外展活动) for low-income students at the University of Michigan.The campaign, known as the High Achieving Involved Leader (HAIL) Scholarship, encourages highly qualified, low-income students to apply to the university, promising them four years of education free of tuition and fees. Students are sent a personalized mailing with all of the information, which costs the university less than $10 each to produce and send out; the students’ parents and school principals are also contacted separately. And the offer of free tuition isn’t contingent upon (视…情况而发生) filling out financial-aid forms such as the Free Application for Federal Student Aid.The researchers, led by the University of Michigan economist Susan Dynarski, found “very large effects of the HAIL Scholarship offer on application and enrollment rates at the University of Michigan and more generally on college choice.” Students who received the mailing were more than twice as likely to apply to the University of Michigan compared with a control group. The percentage of low-income students enrolling at the university more than doubled as well.The HAIL Scholarship is a new program, but even without it the students would likely have been able to attend the University of Michigan free of charge – 90 percent of similarly situated high-achieving, low-income students receive full-tuition scholarships. But HAIL makes that fact explicit: It isn’t that students can apply and have the chance to afford the college – if they apply and are accepted, it is guaranteed.11.What is the difficult situation that American top colleges have long been faced with?

A. Many top colleges are reluctant to accept applicants from disadvantaged backgrounds.
B. Aapplicants from disadvantaged backgrounds are reluctant to apply to top colleges.
C. There are not enough financial aids available to so many students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
D. The financial aids are not generous enough for students from disadvantaged backgrounds to cover the tuition fees.