题目内容
The making of classifications by literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This reminder is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of last century (1900—1909) and those of the generation of' the 1920s. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences 'also existed for similar generations of White poets.
When poets of the 1910s and 1920s are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between "conservative" and "experimental" would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although these remain helpful classification for White poets of these decades①. Certainly differences can be noted between "conservative" Black poets such as Countee Cullen, and Cluade McKay and "experimental" ones such as Jean Toomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.
However, in the 1920s Black poets did debate with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive. It may be said, though, that virtually all those poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Johnson rightly put it "inevitably the thing the Negro poet knows best"②.
At the turn of the 20th century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gift ed, though Roscoe Jamision and G. M. McClellan may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has suggested, "meant a rejection of stereotypes of Nero life," and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes, "Valuably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of race, these poets committed (an) error.., they refused to look into their hearts and write. "These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too, often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.
What is the author's attitude toward the classification as a technique in literary history？
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This is the life of someone who wrote little, spoke little, and about whom there are few memories. Yet if anyone's life is worthy of a biography it is surely Abram Petrovich Gannibal, an African slave adopted by Peter the Great, who studied mathematics and cryptography before training as a military engineer, spied for the tsar in Paris, became an expert in fortification, was sent to Siberia, became governor-general of Tallinn, and finally retired to an estate in northern Russia as the owner of slaves himself①.
These days he is best known as the great grandfather of Alexander Pushkin, whose family liked to think their illustrious forebear was an Abyssinian prince, and a direct descendant of the legendary Carthaginian general 'whose name he boldly adopted (spelling it in the Russian way with a "g"). It was not until the 1990s that an enterprising scholar from Benin was able to challenge centuries of Russian racism and suggest that Gannibal in fact came from black Africa.
Having traveled to Cameroon and paddled up-river in a 30-foot wooden boot to interview the Sultan of Logone, the intrepid Hugh Barnes lends credence to this theory with a tantalizingly plausible interpretation for the mysterious word "Fummo" (Kotoko for "homeland" ) to be found underneath the elephant portrayed on the family crest②. Mr. Barnes does far more than just "join up the dots" between Pushkin's unfinished novel about his ancestor and its subject. The result is not merely the first detailed account in English of this remarkable life, but the fullest in any language. It is a fascinating read.
With this book, the fruit of research in an impressive list of obscure archives, Mr. Barnes not only joins the ranks of those journalists able to give academics a good run for their money, but also shows him self to be a travel writer of distinction. The story of his quest to discover Gannibal's identity in places as far flung as Novoselengisk on the Chinese border, and Pskov at the other end of the Russian empire, is engagingly told. With so little biographical material to go on (even the fabled portrait of Gannibal turns out to be that of a white man when it is restored), the dots have inevitably to be joined up with a degree of speculation. Just occasionally it leads the author astray--the Winter Palace, for example, was painted first yellow and then crimson before finally acquiring the "icy turquoise facade", which Mr. Barnes claims greeted Gan nibal when he received his dismissal from Catherine the Great in 1762.
While plenty of evidence is marshaled to show that Gannibal was the first black intellectual in Europe, his personality remains frustratingly elusive. Nevertheless, this biography of the Russian Othello does much to recast our understanding of 18th century Russian life.
What is the purpose of the text？
SECTION B PASSAGES
Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文： It was an Italian inventor who created the first wireless device for setting out radio signals in 1895. But not until the American inventor Lee De Forest built the first amplifying vacuum tube in 1906 did we get the first radio as we know it. And the first actual radio broadcast was made on Christmas Eve of 1906. That's when someone working from an experimental station in Brand Rock, Massachusetts, arranged the program with two short musical selections of poem and brief holiday greeting. The broadcast was heard by wireless operators on ships with a radio through several hundreds miles. The following year, De Forest began regular radio broadcasts in New York. These programs were similar to much what we hear on radio today. In that, De Forest played only music. But because there were still no home radio receivers, De Forest's audiences consisted only of wireless operators on ships in New York Harbor. There is no doubt that radio broadcasting was quite a novelty in those days, but it took a while to catch on commercially. Why？ Hmm, for the simple fact that only a few people, in fact, only those who tinkered with wireless telegraphs as a hobby owned receivers. It wasn't until the 1920s that someone envisioned mass appeal for radio. This was radio pioneer David Sarnoff who predicted that one day there would be a radio receiver in every home.
Why were early radio broadcasts heard by such a small audience？
听力原文：M: Good morning, madam. What can I do for you？
W: Good morning. I'd like to have a babysitter to look after my baby son when I'm out working during the day. Have you got any applicants to recommend？
M: Yes, we have quite a few here, and you'll see they are all very good. I'd love to help you choose one. Look at this Tai girl. Her name is Suwann and she's 19 years old.
W: Do you know anything about her qualifications？
M: She obtained her driving license two years ago and is a safe driver now. She has a great command of English. She's a friendly person and wins over children very quickly with creative games.
W: Has she got any experience in childcare？
M: Oh, yes. She has worked as a babysitter in Britain for two years. Her childcare experience ranges from one year old to six years old in daycare and baby-sitting. Her references have glowing reports on her. Read this one here: warm-hearted, joyful and ready to help. She is committed to her duties and can handle new situations very well. I'm sure she will be a great asset to your family.
W: I believe so, but could you tell me something about her family？
M: Certainly. Suwann comes from a big and warm family. There are seven children and she has taken on many responsibilities with her younger siblings. One of them is cooking.
W: That's wonderful. It seems that she'll be a good choice.
What is the woman's purpose to visit the man？
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文： About 1,000 supporters of the suspended Solidarity Labour Union have held a demonstration in the western Polish city of Posses, The demonstrators called for the release of jailed Solidarity leader Lech Walesa. The demonstration followed an official ceremony to mark the anniversary of a workers' revolt in Posses 26 years ago.
The demonstrators demanded ______.
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