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国家助学贷款实行“部分自筹、有效担保、专款专用和按期偿还”的原则。()
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As used in the last sentence, the phrase "in short" means______.
Which of the following is NOT true？
No country embraced the IQ—and the application of IQ testing to restructure society—mote thoroughly than the U.S. Every year millions of Americans have their IQ measured, many with a direct descendant of Binet’s original test, the Stanford-Binet, although not necessarily for the purpose Binet intended. He developed his test as a way of identifying public school students who needed extra help in learning; and that is still one of its leading uses.
But the broader and more controversial use of IQ testing has its roots in a theory of intelligence—part science, part sociology—that developed in the late 19th century, before Binte's work and entirely separate from it, Championed first by Charles Darwin' s cousin Francis Galton, it held that intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that if people who had a lot of it could be identified and put in leadership positions, all of Society would benefit.
Terman believed IQ tests should be used to conduct a great s6rting out of the population, so that young people would be assigned on the basis of their scores to particular levels in the school system, which would lead to corresponding socioeconomic destinations in adult life. The beginning of the IQ-testing movement overlapped with the eugenics movement—hugely popular in America and Europe among the "better sort" before Hitler gave it a bad name—which held that intelligence was mostly inherited and that people-deficient in it should be discouraged from reproducing. The state sterilization that Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes notoriously endorsed in a 1927.Supreme Court decision was done with an IQ score as justification.
The American IQ promoters scored a great coup during World War I when they persuaded the Army to give IQ tests to 1.7 million inductees. It was the world's first mass administration of an intelligence test, and many of the standardized tests in use today can be traced back to it: the now ubiquitous and obsessed-over SAT(Stud), Ability Test); the Wechsler, taken by several million people a year, according to its publisher; and Terman's own National Intelligence Test, originally used in tracking elementary school children. All these tests took from the Army the basic technique of measuring intelligence mainly by asking vocabulary questions (synonyms, antonyms, analogies, reading comprehension).
According to Termon's theory, a twelve-year-old boy's mental age is 10, then his IQ number is about______.
Clarke, although he is seen as a visionary, has got it wrong before. There's no sign of Hal the dominating computer from the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (written by Arthur C Clarke) appearing on the horizon next year to dominate human life. Even so, computers have changed the way that we work and play. The Internet is changing business, seemingly sweeping everything along on an e-tide. The Web will change the way we work — more of us will work from home.
Futurist Ian Pearson sees a convergence between intelligent computers and biotechnology, the advent of implanted chips and enhanced intelligence. Both machines and humans will have access to a global net with instant access to the world' s knowledge. But Pearson also fears that it could divide the world into two classes — those with access to this knowledge and those without access. And obviously there is a risk in losing control of things that think. Pearson expects machines to be as smart as humans by 2015. After that, computers will continue to get smarter.
The trouble with the digital revolution, says MIT Media Lab director Neil Gershenfeld in his book When Things Start to Think, is that computers may have speeded up many of the processes 0f modem life, but they still remain relatively difficult to use. "Most computers are nearly blind, deaf and dumb," says Gershenfeld. "These inert machines channel the richness of human communication through a keyboard and mouse. The speed of the computer is increasingly much less of a concern than the difficulty in telling it what you want it to do, or in understanding what it has done, or in using it where you want to go, rather than where it can go."
What's needed now, he concludes, is digital evolution. The real challenge is how to create systems with many components that can work together and change, merging the physical world with the digital world.
"If we can manage the development so that they (thinking machines) stay our friends, in just a few years we'll see progress in every area of life that makes the preceding millennia look like we've all been asleep."
Evolution is a consequence of interaction, says Gershenfeld. "And information technology is profoundly changing how we interact. Therefore it's not crazy to think about the impact of this on evolution."
From paragraph 4, we can deduce that______.
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