题目内容
PART C
Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE.
听力原文： Karl Wilhelm Rontgen (1845—1923) astounded people with the first x-rays in 1895; this was followed three years later by the discovery of radium by Pierre and Marie Curie. But who were they？ In 1894, Marie and Pierre Curie met while studying in Paris. Their marriage on 25th July 1895 marked the start of a partnership which was to receive worldwide recognition.
The Curies discovered radium, a radioactive substance, in uranium oxide ore. They developed techniques for extracting it, but first did not fully understand its properties. Pierre Curie used to carry radium around in his waistcoat pocket and could not understand why he was developing a massive sore on his chest. This would have been fatal, but Pierre's life was cut short in 1906 when he was knocked down and killed by a horse and cart in the street. From then on, Marie devoted herself to completing the work that they had begun together.
Marie and Pierre Curie were awarded a joint Nobel Prize in 1904, followed up by a second one for Marie in 1911. Their research was crucial in the development of x-rays in surgery. During World War I Marie Curie helped to equip ambulances, which she drove to the front lines, with x-ray equipment. The International Red Cross made her head of its Radiological Service and she held training courses for medical orderlies and doctors in the new techniques.
Despite her success, Marie faced great opposition from male scientists in France and she never received the recognition she deserved. She died in 1934 from leukaemia, due to exposure to high-energy radiation used in her research. Radiation has since been used to treat cancer worldwide.
When were the first x-rays discovered？
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听力原文： The first significant step in the fight against infectious disease Was made in 1796 with discovery of a vaccine to prevent smallpox by Edward Jenner. Jenner had become aware of the fact that milkmaids who had suffered from a mild illness, cowpox, were unlikely to catch the much more serious smallpox disease. Jenner experimented on a child, introducing cowpox into the bloodstream. Later, the child was inoculated with smallpox, but did not catch the disease. Jenner's method had, proved much safer than the fashionable technique of inoculation, which had been brought to Britain from Turkey by Lady Montague. Despite opposition from the medical establishment, many of whom made a good income from inoculation, the government backed Jenner's claims; by 1853, vaccination had become compulsory for infants.
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist who in 1867 was able to demonstrate for the first time that germs caused disease. Pasteur went on to develop vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies. The new science of bacteriology was advanced further by a German scientist, Robert Koch. Using microscopes and innovative methods of staining germs, Koch was able to identify specific germs as being responsible for the cause of disease. In 1882-3, he identified the microbes responsible for tuberculosis (TB) and cholera.
A rivalry developed between Pasteur and Koch, based in part on the tension which existed following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1. Both scientists were recognized in their own countries for their work, and set up with research centers. In 1881, Pasteur, successfully tried vaccine which protected against anthrax in animals. Koch, who quickly heard of the breakthrough by telegram, attempted unsuccessfully to discredit Pasteur. When, in the following year, he had the opportunity to treat a boy with rabies called Joseph Meister, Pasteur succeeded in developing a rabies vaccine.
What was the first step in fighting against infectious disease？
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