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第二篇Mental Retardation (智力迟钝)Mental retardation is a condition in which people have lower than normal intelligence and are unable to function at the level expected for their age. People with mental retardation are usually born with it, or it develops early in their life. They may also have some difficulty with daily living skills such as learning to read and write and caring for themselves.Doctors and other professionals determine that a person has mental retardation based on their intelligence and how well they can do everyday activities. Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand Levels of intelligence are measured by special tests called intelligence tests. The score a person gets on one of these tests gives a numerical (数字的) measure of a person’s intelligence. This is called an intelligence quotient (智商) or IQ.An average score on an IQ test is about 90 to 110. a person with mental retardation will usually score below 75 on an IQ test.The IQ test alone does not determine whether someone is mentally retarded a person must also have trouble with everyday activities such as getting dressed, eating, washing, or learning basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills.Mental retardation is not a disease itself. It cannot be cured and it’s not contagious (传染的). This condition can be caused by several things that injure the brain or don’t allow the brain to develop normally. Many times we don’t know why a person has mental retardation.Sometimes it may be caused by genes. Genes are chemical units found in every cell. They carry the instructions telling cells what to do. Sometimes, children receive abnormal genes from their parents.a defective gene may also develop spontaneously. Neither parent would have passed on the gene, but the gene changes before the baby develops;Some other problems that can cause mental retardation also happen before a child is born. It is important for the brain to develop properly if a child is to have normal intelligence. "Planning a pregnancy is the most important decision most of us will make in our lifetime. A healthy lifestyle and good medical care should begin before a woman becomes pregnant and continue throughout the pregnancy," says Jodi Rucquoi, a genetic counselor from Connecticut. If a woman abuses alcohol or drugs or doesn’t eat well, there is a risk to the developing baby. Also, a premature birth or problems during childbirth can sometimes harm the baby’s developing brain. While premature babies are generally fine, there is a greater chance that they may have mental retardation.In some cases, a young child can develop mental retardation after being sick with a serious infection or other illness, or after suffering a bad head injury. The word "While" in Line 4 from the bottom can best be replaced by（）
第一篇 デパートやスーパーで買物をする。買った品物を、お店の人が紙で包む。そしてビニールの袋に入れる。何枚も何枚も紙やビニールを使うときもある。私たちはそれ（A）があたりまえだと思っている。でも、このたくさんの紙や袋は本当に必要なのだろうか。家へ帰って品物を出したら、ごみ箱の中が紙やビニールでいっぱいになる。 最近、皆でごみを少なくしようという意見が強くなってきた。この包装紙やビニール袋もたくさんのごみになっているそうだ。それでデパートでも、この過剰包装はだんだん少なくなって簡単になった（B）。大きいスーパーでも、いろいろな工夫が始まった。あるスーパーでは、買物をするときに自分で袋を持っていったら、カードにスタンプを押してくれる。そしてスタンプが集まったら、買い物券をくれる。別のスーパーでは、再生紙の袋を使うようになった。また、布で作った買物袋も売るようになった。 私たちが、スーパーなどで、毎月一回「袋はいりません」と言ったら、一年間で数億枚の袋が残るそうだ。一番簡単な環境保護（C）。 この文章で筆者は主に何を言おうとしているか。
第三篇Many Older Doctors Plan to Phase out Their PracticeThe results of a new survey indicate that 48 percent of physicians between 50 and 65 years of age are planning to reduce or end their clinical practice in the next 1 to 3 years. The findings also suggest that many older physicians believe that their younger counterparts do not have the work ethic they do.The survey, which was conducted by Merritt Hawkins & Associates, a Texas-based physician search and consulting firm, suggests that many older physicians are simply unhappy with the changes that have taken place in medicine over the years."When Baby Boom doctors entered medicine they had control over how they practiced and the fee they charged But the rules changed on them in mid-stream and now many are looking for a ticket out," Mark Smith, executive vice president of Merritt Hawkins & Associates, said in a statement."Our study is the only one I am aware of that examines the career plans of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group." This age group represents more than one-third of all physicians in the U. S. If they stop working in the coming years, it will have a "significant impact" on the overall supply of physicians, Smith told Reuters Health.The results of the survey, which included 1,170 respondents (调查对象), show that 24 percent of older physicians are planning to leave clinical practice all together in the next 1 to 3 years. Specifically, 14 percent said they were planning on retiring, 7 percent said they were looking for a medical job in a non-patient care setting, and 3 percent said they were seeking a job in a non-medical field.For those physicians not leaving clinical practice, many said they would make changes to reduce the number of patients they treat. For instance, 12 percent said they would begin working part-time, 8 percent said they planned to stop taking new patients or markedly reduce their patient load, and 4 percent expressed a desire to work on a temporary basis.When asked about the work ethic of physicians entering practice today, 68 percent of the respondents said that these younger doctors are not as dedicated or as hard working as physicians who entered practice 20 to 30 years ago.Fifty-seven percent of older physicians said they would not recommend medicine as a career to their own children. Similarly, 44 percent said they would not select medicine as a career if they were starting out today."The most ominous (不祥的) finding is that about one half of physicians surveyed plan to either abandon patient care in the next 1 to 3 years, or significantly reduce the number of patients they see," Smith said "The U. S. already is facing a widespread shortage of physicians. Should older, ’workhorse’ physicians choose to opt out of patient care, access to medical services will be further restricted." If many older physicians stop working in the coming years, Americans will have（）
第三篇Many Older Doctors Plan to Phase out Their PracticeThe results of a new survey indicate that 48 percent of physicians between 50 and 65 years of age are planning to reduce or end their clinical practice in the next 1 to 3 years. The findings also suggest that many older physicians believe that their younger counterparts do not have the work ethic they do.The survey, which was conducted by Merritt Hawkins & Associates, a Texas-based physician search and consulting firm, suggests that many older physicians are simply unhappy with the changes that have taken place in medicine over the years."When Baby Boom doctors entered medicine they had control over how they practiced and the fee they charged But the rules changed on them in mid-stream and now many are looking for a ticket out," Mark Smith, executive vice president of Merritt Hawkins & Associates, said in a statement."Our study is the only one I am aware of that examines the career plans of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group." This age group represents more than one-third of all physicians in the U. S. If they stop working in the coming years, it will have a "significant impact" on the overall supply of physicians, Smith told Reuters Health.The results of the survey, which included 1,170 respondents (调查对象), show that 24 percent of older physicians are planning to leave clinical practice all together in the next 1 to 3 years. Specifically, 14 percent said they were planning on retiring, 7 percent said they were looking for a medical job in a non-patient care setting, and 3 percent said they were seeking a job in a non-medical field.For those physicians not leaving clinical practice, many said they would make changes to reduce the number of patients they treat. For instance, 12 percent said they would begin working part-time, 8 percent said they planned to stop taking new patients or markedly reduce their patient load, and 4 percent expressed a desire to work on a temporary basis.When asked about the work ethic of physicians entering practice today, 68 percent of the respondents said that these younger doctors are not as dedicated or as hard working as physicians who entered practice 20 to 30 years ago.Fifty-seven percent of older physicians said they would not recommend medicine as a career to their own children. Similarly, 44 percent said they would not select medicine as a career if they were starting out today."The most ominous (不祥的) finding is that about one half of physicians surveyed plan to either abandon patient care in the next 1 to 3 years, or significantly reduce the number of patients they see," Smith said "The U. S. already is facing a widespread shortage of physicians. Should older, ’workhorse’ physicians choose to opt out of patient care, access to medical services will be further restricted." Which is NOT true of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group in the U. S.（）
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