题目内容
Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal(木炭) for relining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars. for supporting arches, vaults(拱顶),and walls. With the improvement in refining are, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams and columns. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer's process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially feasible,
Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly, By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings bad been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types produced by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in assembled units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artists of Paris as expensive and ugly foolishness. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic(审美的) status, The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
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Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Four months before Crown Prince Felipe says "si"("yes" in Spanish) to television journalist Letizia Ortiz, royal wedding fever is gripping Spain.
Shops are offering the biggest variety of wedding souvenirs(纪念品), from plates and bottle-openers to copies of the couple's engagement ring.
The couple have made only a few carefully staged public appearances to reduce the scrutiny(仔细检查).
Spanish people waited for more than a decade for the 36-year-old son of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia to find a suitable bride. And more important, the May 22 wedding will be a landmark event in other ways.
Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano, 31, is the daughter of a nurse and a journalist. So, she will be the first commoner on a throne once occupied by Queen Isabella, who sent Christopher Columbus to the Americas.
The pretty, elegant former news anchor(新闻主持人) will also become Spain's first home-grown queen in more than a century. The lively and professionally accomplished Letizla has been welcomed by Spanish people as a new type of queen for a modern monarchy. Spanish people were accustomed to seeing her in television news broadcasts and she arouses tremendous curiosity. Journalists are investigating even the most ordinary aspects of her past which resembles that of so many other young Spanish professional women.
Spanish people have also taken note that she tried to interrupt the prince when they talked to the press after getting engaged in November. "Let me talk," she told the heir to the Bourbon throne.
Such behavior. is regarded as understandable in a woman who went to Mexico by herself at age 23 and later reported on the September 11 terrorist attacks and the Iraq war for state television TVE.
Her strong character, frankness and critical mind could also be disadvantages for a royal who is rarely expected to speak her mind, reporters have said.
The palace has struggled to protect her from scrutiny and to give her time to adapt to her new role.
By saying "royal wedding fever"(Para.1), the author means"______".
A．News around the world.B．Issues and policies of England.C．Criticism on the Church.D．M
A．It was not really a magazine.B．It featured a variety of articles and stories.C．It wa
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： Until the twentieth century cigarettes were not an important threat to public health. Since the cigarette industry began in the 1870s, however, cigarette manufacturing machines have developed rapidly. This made it possible to produce great numbers of cigarettes very quickly, and it reduced the price.
Today, cigarette smoking is a widespread habit. About forty-three percent of the men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit.
Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person's smoking habits. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high income are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower income. On the other hand, if a well-educated man with a high income smokes at all, he is likely to smoke more packs of cigarettes per day. The situation is somewhat different for women. There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family income and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated women tend to smoke more heavily.
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