题目内容
What did literature mean in its earliest sense？
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Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon plans to give up ______ Jewish settlements in the Gaza
听力原文：M: Well, Donna, you look so happy. Any good news？
W: No...Yes...I have a date tonight, but...
M: Oh, that's really a celebration.
W: Well. I've never done this before. I feel kind of silly, but here goes. Anyway, I am a little nervous.
M: Don't be shy. Tell me what kind of man do you like to date？
W: I guess I really like men who are funny. I love to laugh and be happy. That's the most important thing. I don't like men who are really loud. I mean, I like men to laugh, l don't want them to sound like donkeys!
M: What about the appearance, must he be handsome？
W: Not necessary. But he should be tall, muscular, deeply emotional and totally self-controlled. Besides, I like men who are intelligent and open-minded. Humor is important. I love talking about books, movies and politics.
M: Well, what kind of men are not to your liking？
W: Let me see. I hate men who think they are always right, the stubborn one often getting into bad mood if you don't agree with them. I don't like moody person.
M: What do you think is the most essential for young people？
W: Mutual understanding. At least we shall respect each other.
M: Sounds great. Good luck tonight.
What is the woman's suggestion for the man？
He tried many ways of earning, and ______ he became a farm laborer.
Mary will not be able to come to the birthday party as she is ______ with a cold.
Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water①. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.
As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others②.
It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Expo sure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to ac quire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.
Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.
The examples of birds and fish are used to ______.
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