超星 - Test 13 - 查题吧

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Which of the following statements about parental refusal of childhood vaccines & child neglect are correct?

A. Parental refusal of childhood vaccines is a contentious issue in pediatrics and public health. With increasing numbers of parents exempting their child from required school-entry vaccines and few evidence-based interventions to address vaccine hesitancy, pediatric providers are struggling with how to respond to parental vaccine refusal.
B. One strategy recently promoted is to treat vaccine refusal as neglect and report parents to child protective services (CPS) or another comparable agency in the US.
C. In 1964, the parents in Arkansas refused smallpox vaccine for their child for religious reasons. School refused to allow child to attend because child was not vaccinated.
D. The court believed that child was deemed neglected, because the state law requires immunization and attendance at an accredited school. Law does not allow for a religious exemption. Parental refusal to vaccinate, when it prevents child from attending school, constitutes neglect. Several similar cases are reported and the courts all considered vaccine refusal to constitute neglect.

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WHO's International Health Regulations 2005 declares that:

A. With full respect for the dignity, human rights and fundamental freedom of persons
B. Guided by the Charter of the United Nations and the Constitution of the World Health Organization
C. Guided by the goal of their universal application for the protection of all people of the world from the international spread of disease
D. States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to legislate and to implement legislation in pursuance of their health policies. In doing so, they should uphold the purpose of these Regulations.

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UN's Millennium Development Goals are:

A. 1. To eradicate extreme poverty & hunger2. To achieve universal primary education
B. 3. To promote gender equality and empower women4. To reduce child mortality
C. 5. To improve maternal health6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, & other diseases
D. 7. To ensure environmental sustainability8. To develop a global partnership for development

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Which of the following statements about the regulations of healthcare in the US are correct?

A. Healthcare is subject to extensive regulation at both the federal and the state level, much of which "arose haphazardly". Under this system, the federal government cedes primary responsibility to the states under the McCarran-Ferguson Act. Essential regulation includes the licensure of health care providers at the state level and the testing and approval of pharmaceuticals and medical devices by the U.Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and laboratory testing.
B. These regulations are designed to protect consumers from ineffective or fraudulent healthcare. Additionally, states regulate the health insurance market and they often have laws which require that health insurance companies cover certain procedures, although state mandates generally do not apply to the self-funded health care plans offered by large employers, which exempt from state laws under preemption clause of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act.
C. At the federal level, US Department of Health and Human Services oversees the various federal agencies involved in health care. The health agencies are a part of the U.Public Health Service, and include the Food and Drug Administration, which certifies the safety of food, effectiveness of drugs and medical products, the Centers for Disease Prevention, which prevents disease, premature death, and disability, the Agency of Health Care Research and Quality, the Agency Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, which regulates hazardous spills of toxic substances, and the National Institutes of Health, which conducts medical research.
D. State governments maintain state health departments, and local governments (counties and municipalities) often have their own health departments, usually branches of the state health department. Regulations of a state board may have executive and police strength to enforce state health laws. In some states, all members of state boards must be health care professionals.

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WhatabouttheGoal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation inthe17SustainableDevelopmentGoalsbyUN?

A. Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in & there is sufficient fresh water on the planet to achieve this. However, due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, millions of people including children die every year from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation & hygiene.
B. Water scarcity, poor water quality, & inadequate sanitation negatively impact food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for poor families across the world. At the current time, more than 2 billion people are living with the risk of reduced access to freshwater resources and by 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country affected by chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water.
C. Drought in specific afflicts some of the world's poorest countries, worsening hunger and malnutrition. Fortunately, there has been great progress made in the past decade regarding drinking sources and sanitation, whereby over 90% of the world's population now has access to improved sources of drinking water.
D. To improve sanitation and access to drinking water, there needs to be increased investment in management of freshwater ecosystems and sanitation facilities on a local level in several developing countries within Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia.

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The Sustainable Development Goals by UN are a call for action by all countries – poor, rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity while protecting the planet. They recognize that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth and address a range of social needs including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling climate change and environmental protection. The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice. The Goals interconnect and in order to leave no one behind, it ís important that we achieve each Goal and target by 2030.The UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals (2016-2030) are:

A. 1. No poverty2. Zero hunger3. Good health & well-being4. Quality education
B. 5. Gender equality6. Clear water and sanitation7. Affordable and clean energy8. Decent work and economic growth
C. 9. Industry innovation and infrastructure10. Reduced inequalities11. Sustainable cities and communities12. Responsible consumption and production
D. 13. Climate action14. Life below water15. Life on land16. Peace, justice and strong institutions17. Partnerships for the goals

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WhatabouttheTargetsforGoal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation inthe17SustainableDevelopmentGoalsbyUN?

A. By 2030, achieve universal & equitable access to safe & affordable drinking water for all. By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally. By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity.
C. By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.
D. By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies. Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management.

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Data on Water & Sanitation by WHO have shown that:

A. 3 in 10 people lack access to safely managed drinking water services & 6 in 10 people lack access to safely managed sanitation facilities. At least 892 million people continue to practice open defecation. Women and girls are responsible for water collection in 80% of households without access to water on premises.
Between 1990 & 2015, the proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source has increased from 76% to 90%. Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population & is projected to rise. Over 1.7 billion people are currently living in river basins where water use exceeds recharge.
C. 4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets or latrines. More than 80% of wastewater resulting from human activities is discharged into rivers or sea without any pollution removal.
D. Each day, nearly 1,000 children die due to preventable water & sanitation-related diarrheal diseases. ～70% of all water abstracted from rivers, lakes, & aquifers is used for irrigation. Floods & other water-related disasters account for 70% of all deaths related to natural disasters.

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WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheEmergencyMedicalTreatmentandActiveLaborAct(EMTALA,1986)intheUSarecorrect?

A. EMTALA,enactedbythefederalgovernmentin1986,requiresthathospitalemergencydepartmentstreatemergencyconditionsofallpatientsregardlessoftheirabilitytopayandisconsideredacriticalelementinthe"safetynet"fortheuninsured,butestablishednodirectpaymentmechanismforsuchcare.
B. Indirectpayments&reimbursementsthroughfederalandstategovernmentprogramshaveneverfullycompensatedpublicandprivatehospitalsforthefullcostofcaremandatedbyEMTALA.MorethanhalfofallemergencycareintheU.S.nowgoesuncompensated.
C. Mentallyillpatientspresentauniquechallengeforemergencydepartmentsandhospitals.InaccordancewithEMTALA,mentallyillpatientswhoenteremergencyroomsareevaluatedforemergencymedicalconditions.
D. Oncementallyillpatientsaremedicallystable,regionalmentalhealthagenciesarecontactedtoevaluatethem.Patientsareevaluatedastowhethertheyareadangertothemselvesorothers.Thosemeetingthiscriterionareadmittedtoamentalhealthfacilitytobefurtherevaluatedbyapsychiatrist.Typically,mentallyillpatientscanbeheldforupto72hours,afterwhichacourtorderisrequired.

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WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheThe Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017) intheUSarecorrect?

A. On December 22, 2017 the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 was signed into law by President Donald Trump. Inside the final version of the bill was a repeal of the individual mandate in the Affordable Care Act, which required individuals and companies to get healthcare for themselves and their employees.
B. It was this mandate which kept healthcare costs down under the PPACA by promoting cost sharing over a larger pool. Economists believe the repeal of the individual mandate will lead to higher premiums & lower enrollment in the current market though they don't agree with how much.
C. In 2017 the new Republican healthcare bill known as the American Health Care Act was passed by the House of Representatives under President Donald Trump. Although the Affordable Care Act and the American Health Care Act both propose tax cuts in order to make insurance more affordable for Americans; however, each of these bills affected Americans in different ways.
D. The people most affected by President Trump's plan are young people, individuals of a higher socioeconomic status, and people who live in urban areas.

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