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In 2017, ___ redesigned yeast chromosomes were completely synthesized; this accomplishment represents over one-third of the Sc. 2.0 project. During this project, scientists gradually established basic principles and methodologies for the design and synthesis of yeast artificial chromosomes.

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In 2018, Elowitz et al. reported that _____________________________ can function as composable protein components, which can together implement a broad variety of circuit-level functions in mammalian cells.

In June 2019, Olsman and Paulsson report an analogous system for chemical reactions in living cells. Specifically, they design a reaction module in which two components sequester each other, and show that adding this to almost any network can force the output of the system to maintain a precise value that is proportional to an input signal, in a way that is robust to both external disturbances and uncertainty in the internal parameters — a behavior known as ______________________________.

Synthetic biology itself can provide new effective biosecurity mechanisms, such as synthetic auxotrophies, ______________________ or ingenious genetic circuits.

Biological circuit engineers will need to develop methods to account for the disparate and often heavy physiological burdens that synthetic systems place on their microbial hosts, perhaps borrowing lessons from metabolic engineering, in which _______________________________ has been used to overcome similar hurdles.