Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthereportentitled"BiodefenseintheAgeofSyntheticBiology"(US,2018)arecorrect?
A. In2018,theNationalAcademiesofScience,Engineering,andMedicineoftheUSpublishedareportentitled"Biodefenseintheageofsyntheticbiology".
B. Thereportconcludedthatsyntheticbiologyhasexpandedthelandscapeofpotentialdefenseconcerns,asaresult,ongoingstrategiesforchemicalandbiologicaldefenseshouldcontinue,&approachesshouldbepursuedtoaccountforthebroadercapabilitiesenabledbysyntheticbiology.
C. Inaddition,aframeworkforassessingsynthetic-biologycapabilitieswasproposed.
D. Basedonthisframework,thethreegreatestconcernsarethoughttoberelatedtonationalbiosecurity,namelyrecreationofknownpathogenicviruses,makingexistingbacteriamoredangerous,&productionofharmfulbiochemicalsviainsitusynthesis.
Which of the following statements about synthetic biology is correct?
A. Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering. It combines disciplines from biotechnology, genetic engineering, molecular biology, molecular engineering, systems biology, biophysics, electrical engineering, computer engineering, control engineering, and evolutionary biology.
B. It aims to the design and construction of novel artificial biological pathways, organisms or devices, or the redesign of existing natural biological systems for research, engineering and medical applications.
C. It is an emerging discipline that uses engineering principles to design and assemble biological components, a new emerging scientific field where ICT, biotechnology and nanotechnology meet and strengthen each other, designing and constructing biological modules, biological systems, and biological machines or, redesign of existing biological systems for useful purposes.
D. It is recently defined as the artificial design and engineering of biological systems and living organisms for purposes of improving applications for industry or biological research.
Which of the following statements about artificial life are correct?
Artificial life (often abbreviated 'ALife' or 'A-Life') is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, genetics, and biochemistry.
B. Artificial life studies the fundamental processes of living systems in artificial environments in order to gain a deeper understanding of the complex information processing that define such systems.
C. The discipline was named by Christopher Langton, an American theoretical biologist from Los Alamos National Laboratory, in 1986.
D. There are three main kinds of alife, named for their approaches: soft, from software; hard, from hardware (robotics); and wet, from biochemistry (i.e. synthetic biology).
Which of the following statements about evolutionary algorithm are correct?
A. Evolutionary algorithm applies the principles of evolution found in nature to find an optimal solution to a problem.
B. In an evolutionary algorithm, the decision variables & problem functions are used directly.
C. Evolutionary algorithms are the algorithms that are based on the evolution of the species; in general they are based on the main evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin.
D. The way the evolutionary mechanisms are implemented varies considerably; however, the basic idea behind all these variations is similar.
Which of the following statements about genetic algorithm are correct?
A. Genetic algorithm, in artificial intelligence, a type of evolutionary computer algorithm in which symbols (often called "genes" or "chromosomes") representing possible solutions are "bred".
B. This "breeding" of symbols typically includes the use of a mechanism analogous to the crossing-over process in genetic recombination and an adjustable mutation rate.
C. A fitness function is used on each generation of algorithms to gradually improve the solutions in analogy to the process of natural selection.
D. The process of evolving the genetic algorithms and automating the selection is known as genetic programming.
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