题目内容
Early attempts at immunosuppression to enhance survival of organ transplants began in 1959 with total body irradiation designed to cripple the immune system. The side effects from radiation included susceptibility to overwhelming infections and death. That same year, chemical immunosuppression with the anticancer drug _________________ was introduced to more selectively modify the immune response.
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In ______, azathioprine (the imidazole derivative of 6-mercaptopurine) was used with prednisone for immunosuppression. A combination of immunosuppressants, including prednisone, appeared to be more successful than the use of one drug alone.
In _____, the first international exchange organization, Eurotransplant, was founded in Western Europe. This exchange program involved West Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. There was no governmental involvement. The basis of the collaboration was the finding with HLA-typing that a good match gave a better result.
In ______, the first clinical successes with marrow transplants were reported in patients with rare congenital immunological deficits. But treating common blood malignancies was the real goal of marrow transplantation.
In 1969, Israel Penn and other colleagues of Starzl at the University of Colorado published the first paper on the development of malignancy (lymphomas) in ___ recipients of renal transplants. The malignancies were thought to be an indirect complication of organ transplantation and the measures taken to prevent rejection.
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