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In the first month of the new millennium (January 2000), the first reports of genetic circuits that had been engineered to carry out designed functions were published. In one example, Collins and colleagues constructed a _________________________ containing promoters that drive the expression of mutually inhibitory transcriptional repressors. Cells that harbored the circuit could toggle between two stable expression states in response to external signals.

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During 2000-2003, several pathogen genomes were synthesized from scratch in the lab. This indicated the feasibility of _____________________________ of genomes from existing genomic sequences without reliance on natural templates.

A circuit that showed robust, persistent oscillatory behaviour was developed by Hasty and colleagues in 2008, and was an impressive update to a series of experimental and theoretical studies on the design of ____________________.

In 2009, the European Molecular Biology Organization released the report "Making the Most of Synthetic Biology Strategies for Synthetic Biology Development in Europe" to introduce a ____________________ for European synthetic biology research.

To enable efficient genomic manipulation, Church and colleagues at Harvard Medical School developed a platform called multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) in 2011, which has been used to rapidly alter multiple loci in the E. coli genome, including the _____________________________ of all TAG stop codons with the synonymous TAA codon.

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