Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 BCE) is widely recognized as the father of ________________, due to his careful attention to observation and his commitment to explaining diseases as resulting from natural, rather than supernatural, causes.
A. physics
B. medicine
C. chemistry
D. biology
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On May 14, ______, English surgeon Edward Jenner (1749–1823) inoculated James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy, with fluid from a cowpox pustule to determine whether this would prevent him from developing smallpox. Jenner had observed that dairymaids exposed to cowpox seemed to have resistance to smallpox, and hypothesized that exposure to cowpox would provide protection against smallpox.
A. 1786
B. 1790
C. 1793
D. 1796
_________ chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur (1822–1896), who developed the germ theory of disease, also tested experimental vaccines on human subjects.
A. German
B. French
C. English
D. Spanish
In 1885,Louis Pasteur (1822–1896) gave an experimental _______ vaccine to a nine-year old boy, Joseph Meister, without first testing the vaccine on animals. Meister had been mauled by a dog, and Pasteur gave the boy the vaccine in the hope of preventing the disease. The vaccine worked, and other parents asked Pasteur to administer it to their children.
A. poliovirus
B. smallpox
C. rabies
D. flu
After observing that carbolic acid could reduce wound infections in cattle, __________ surgeon and scientist Joseph Lister (1827–1912, "founder of antiseptic medicine") hypothesized that this compound had antiseptic properties, and he tested it on human subjects. One of the first patients to receive this treatment was James Greenless, an eleven-year-old boy who had a compound fracture of the leg. The boy recovered from his treatment without infection or amputation.
American
British
C. French
D. Russian