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Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008), a pioneer in bacterial genetics and plasmid biology, and a visionary in gene therapy shared the 1968 Noble prize with George Beadle (1903-1989) and Edward L. Tatum (1909-1975). Lederberg won ½ of the prize for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria. Both Beadle & Tatum won 1/4/ of the prize each for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.
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The 1970s and 1980s set the basis of molecular genetics and gene transfer in bacteria, then into animal and human cells, combined with selection systems for cultured cells and recombinant DNA technology.
Paul Berg (1926- )awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA".
Genetech, the first biotechnology company, was founded by Herb Wayne Boyer and venture capitalist Robert A. Swanson in 1979. Boyer served as vice president of Genentech from 1976 through his retirement in 1991.
In July 1990, Dr. Martin J. Cline at UCLA headed another highly controversial human trial designed to treat β-thalassemia without institutional approval. The experiment involved the removal of bone marrow cells from two patients in Jerusalem and Naples, and their subsequent transformation in vitro with plasmids carrying the β-globin gene and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene expected to provide a selective proliferative advantage to marrow cells once these were transplanted back into the patients.
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