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Paul Berg (1926- )awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA".
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Genetech, the first biotechnology company, was founded by Herb Wayne Boyer and venture capitalist Robert A. Swanson in 1979. Boyer served as vice president of Genentech from 1976 through his retirement in 1991.
In July 1990, Dr. Martin J. Cline at UCLA headed another highly controversial human trial designed to treat β-thalassemia without institutional approval. The experiment involved the removal of bone marrow cells from two patients in Jerusalem and Naples, and their subsequent transformation in vitro with plasmids carrying the β-globin gene and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene expected to provide a selective proliferative advantage to marrow cells once these were transplanted back into the patients.
OneoftheearliestgenetherapytrialswasconductedbyGrossmanetal.,in1992totreatapatientwithfamilialhypercholesterolemiabygeneticmodification in vivoofculturedhepatocytes.
According to the Journal of Gene Medicine (2012), during the 1990s, for 69% of human patients, the main target disease by gene therapy was cancer. But only 10% of protocols reached phase III.
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