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In ______, two intestinal transplants were attempted in infants by Ralph A. Deterling (1917–1992), a distinguished vascular surgeon at the Boston Floating Hospital, a long-established innovative pediatric unit associated with Tufts–New England Medical Center.
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The first time a patient received a skin graft it would be rejected in 7 days. When a second graft was performed on the same person, it would be rejected in 3 days. The body had developed a specific response to the foreign tissue. This is now recognized as rejection, a _______________event.
Early attempts at immunosuppression to enhance survival of organ transplants began in 1959 with total body irradiation designed to cripple the immune system. The side effects from radiation included susceptibility to overwhelming infections and death. That same year, chemical immunosuppression with the anticancer drug _________________ was introduced to more selectively modify the immune response.
In ______, azathioprine (the imidazole derivative of 6-mercaptopurine) was used with prednisone for immunosuppression. A combination of immunosuppressants, including prednisone, appeared to be more successful than the use of one drug alone.
In _____, the first international exchange organization, Eurotransplant, was founded in Western Europe. This exchange program involved West Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. There was no governmental involvement. The basis of the collaboration was the finding with HLA-typing that a good match gave a better result.
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