Which of the following statements about value are right?
A. Values help us to develop a feeling of belonging to a group. We all have sets of values developed during our life.
B. Values determine what we appreciate in life, what we reject and what we feel neutral towards. Examples could be valuing honesty in our dealings with others, or prizing the quality of being non-judgemental, or being accepting of cultural and spiritual diversity.
C. Values are like 'connective tissue', the glue that holds individuals together in an invisible web.
D. Values are what we hold dear to ourselves. They are those principles about which we feel strongly enough to defend, and which, over time, become incorporated and normalised into our daily lives.
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Which of the following statements about culture are correct?
A. Culture can be regarded as the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret their world and generate social behaviour. However, it is not the behaviour itself, but the knowledge used to construct and understand behaviour.
B. We can define culture as a system of learned beliefs and customs that characterise the way of life for a particular society.
C. What all cultures have in common is a certain set of shared values, practices and a common 'language', i.e. a set of terms used by a particular group as a means of communication.
D. When we talk about 'culture' we can mean those issues related to race and ethnicity, religion, social class, gender and language. Culture might also be described as a system of knowledge by which people design their own actions and interpret the behaviour of others.
It is when a health professional recognises a client's or patient's culture is different from his or her own and engages in an equal partnership of negotiation when facilitating care. Health professionals need to progress through three stages of learning to reach the fourth stage of cultural competence:
A. The first stage is cultural awareness, when we recognise another person's cultural identity, heritage, ethnohistory and stereotype.
B. The second stage is gaining the necessary cultural knowledge to understand the client's or patient's health beliefs, anthropological, sociological and biological differences, and health inequalities.
C. The third stage is cultural sensitivity, when the professional uses empathy, interprofessional communication skills, trust, respect, acceptance, appropriateness, and awareness of the barriers that impede sensitive practice.
D. The final stage is cultural competence, when a health professional uses appropriate assessment and diagnostic and clinical skills to challenge prejudice, discrimination and inequality to provide quality care.
Themeasurestopromotenonmaleficenceare:
A. don'tcommitneedlessharmcausedbycarelessness,malice,inadvertence,avoidableignorance
B. meetstandardofcareforpatient,orevidencedbaseddecisions
C. witheverydecisionsubjecttorisk/benefitanalysis
D. makeevidenced-baseddecisions
Which of the following statements aboutnonmaleficence are right?
A. The principle of nonmaleficence involves not only the duty of care to avoid actual harm but also the risk of harm.
B. Nonmaleficence implies restraint from doing harm, or prevention or prohibition of some action, which would cause harm.
C. Sometimes health professionals consider it difficult to separate beneficence & nonmaleficence, or that they are the same. However, it needs to be remembered that beneficence is actively doing good, whereas nonmaleficence means active prevention of harm.
D. The principle of nonmaleficence means 'above all, do not harm'.
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