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Section A Gap fillingToday millions of Americans vacation abroad and they go not only to see new sights but also with the hope of forming friendship. No one really expects a vacation trip to produce a close friend. But surely the beginning of a friendship is possible. Surely in every country people (1) friendship.The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is that they have different expectations about what (2) ________friendship and how it comes into being. In those European countries that Americans are most likely to visit, friendship is quite sharply (3) from other more casual relations. For a Frenchman, a German or an Englishman, friendship is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of (4) . But for Americans, “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationships: some are superficial; some are (5)________.For the French, friendship demands a keen awareness of the other person’s intellect, tastes and particular interests. A friend is one who draws out your best (6) , with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon. Your appreciation of a play becomes sharper, taste in food or wine is accentuated, enjoyment of a sport is (7) . Intellectual friends may meet for evenings of conversation. Working people may meet at the little pub where they drink and talk. Marriage doesn’t (8) such friendships; wives don’t have to be taken into account. The special relationship of friendship is based on what the French value most—on the mind and on the compatibility of their outlooks in life.English friendships follow a still different pattern. Their basis is shared activity. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people play a game or tell stories or serve as members of a demanding committee. Americans who have made English friends comment that, even years later, “You can take up just where you left off.”English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not, as in Germany, complementary to the family nor are they, as in France, (9) from the family.What, then, is friendship? It involves freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Each friend gives the other the sense of being a special individual; on whatever (10) this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take. These similarities make the bridge between societies possible, and the American’s openness to different styles of relationships makes it possible for him to find new friends abroad with whom he feels at home.A)distinguished F) qualities K) consistsB) separated G)valueL) enduring.C) effect H) affectM) deepD) escaped I) constitutes N) intensifiedE) commitment J) reality O) grounds
Section B Paragraph MatchingThe Art of FriendshipA) One evening a few years ago I found myself in an anxiety. Nothing was really wrong: my family and I were healthy, my career was busy and successful -- I was just feeling vaguely down and in need of a friend who could raise my spirits, someone who would meet me for coffee and let me rant until the clouds lifted. I dialed my best friend, who now lives across the country in California, and got her voicemail. That's when it started to dawn on me -- lonesomeness was at the root of my dreariness. My social life had dwindled to almost nothing, but somehow until that moment I'd been too busy to notice. Now it hit me hard. My old friends, buddies since college or even childhood, know everything about me; when they left, they had taken my context with them.B) Research has shown the long-range negative consequences of social isolation on one’s health. But my concerns were more short-term. I needed to feel understood right then in the way that only a girlfriend can understand you. I knew it would be wrong to expect my husband to replace my friends: He couldn’t, and even if he could, to whom would I then complain about my husband? So I resolved to acquire new friends -- women like me who had kids and enjoyed rolling their eyes at the world a little bit just as I did. Since I’d be making friends with more intention than I’d ever given the process, I realized I could be selective, that I could in effect design my own social life. The down side, of course, was that I felt pretty frightened.C) After all, it’s a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife that it is when you’re younger -- a fact woman I’ve spoken with point out again and again. As Leslie Danzig, 41, a Chicago theater director and mother, sees it, when you’re in your teens and 20s, you’re more or less friends with everyone unless there's a reason not to be. Your college roommate becomes your best pal at least partly due to proximity. Now there needs to be a reason to be friends. “There are many people I’m comfort-able around, but I wouldn’t go so far as to call them friends. Comfort isn't enough to sustain a real friendship,” Danzig says.D) At first, finding new companions felt awkward. At 40 I couldn’t run up to people the way my4-year-old daughters do in the playground and ask, “Will you be my friend? Every time you start a new relationship, you’re vulnerable again,” agrees Kathleen Hall, D Min, founder and CEO of the Stress Institute, in Atlanta. “You’re asking, 'Would you like to come into my life?' It makes us self-conscious.”E) Fortunately, my discomfort soon passed. I realized that as a mature friend seeker my vulnerability risk was actually pretty low. If someone didn’t take me up on my offer, so what: I wasn’t in junior high, when I might have been rejected for having the wrong clothes or hair. At my age I have amassed enough self-esteem to realize that I have plenty to offer.F) We’re all so busy, in fact, that mutual interests -- say, in a project, class, or cause that we already make time for -- become the perfect catalysts for bringing us in contact with candidates for camaraderie. Michelle Mertes, 35, a teacher and mother of two in Wausau, Wisconsin, says anew friend she made at church came as a pleasant surprise. “In high school I chose friends based on their popularity and how being part of their circle might reflect on me. Now’s it’s our shared values and activities that count.” Mertes says her pal, with whom she organized the church’s youth programs, is nothing like her but their drive and organizational skills make them ideal friends.G) Happily, as awkward as making new friends can be, self-esteem issues do not factor in -- or if they do, you can easily put them into perspective. Danzig tells of the mother of a child in her son’s pre-school, a tall, beautiful woman who is married to a big-deal rock musician. “I said to my husband, she's too cool for me,'” she jokes. “I get intimidated by people. But once I got to know her, she turned out to be pretty laid-back and friendly.” In the end there was no chemistry between them, so they didn’t become good pals. “I realized that we weren't each other’s type, but it wasn’t about hierarchy.” What midlife friendship is about, it seems, is reflecting the person you’ve become (or are still becoming) back at yourself, thus reinforcing the progress you’ve made in your life.H) Harlene Katzman, 41, a lawyer in New York City, notes that her oldest friends knew her back when she was less sure of herself. As much as she loves them, she believes they sometimes respond to issues in light of who she once was. An old chum has the goods on you. With recently made friends, you can turn over a new leaf.I) A new friend, chosen right, can also help you point your boat in the direction you want to go. Hanna Dershowitz, 39, an attorney and mother in Los Angeles, found that a new acquaintance from workwas exactly what she needed in a friend. In addition to liking and respecting Julia, Dershowitz had a feeling that the fit and athletic younger woman would help her to get in shape.J) While you’re busy making new friends, remember that you still need to nurture your old ones. We asked Marla Paul, author of The Friendship Crisis: Finding, Making, and Keeping Friends When You’re Not a Kid Anymore, for the best ways to maintain these important relationships. Keep in touch. Your friends should be a priority; schedule regular lunch dates or coffee catch-up sessions, no matter how busy you are. Know her business. Keep track of important events in a friend’s life and show your support. Call or e-mail to let her know you’re thinking of her. Speak your mind. Tell a friend (politely) if something she did really upset you. If you can’t be totally honest, then you need to reexamine the relationship. Accept her flaws. No one is perfect, so work around her quirks –she’s chronically late, or she’s a bit negative -- to cut down on frustration and fights. Boost her ego. Heartfelt compliments make everyone feel great, so tell her how much you love her new sweater or what a great job she did on a work project.1. A few years ago the author felt lonely and depressed when she phoned her best friend in another city who was muchwanted then but unavailable.2. Leslie Danzig thought making friends at one's middle age needed some reasons.3. According to Kathleen Hall, one might feel sensitive in the first course of making new friends.4. Midlife friendship can help you realize your direction of life and reinforce the progress you’ve made in your life.5. In Mafia Paul’s book, to be a better friend, you should keep track with your friends, care for your friend’s job,express yourself, accept her flaws and compliment your friend for her/his good dressing and job.6. A well-chosen new friend can help you go in the direction that you like.7. For the author, a girl friend might be the right person to understand her and erase her negative feeling.8. According to Michelle Metes, midlife friendship is based on the shared values and activities9. With newly made friends, you can have a chance to take on a new look in your life.10. As a mature friend seeker, the author finds herself with enough confidence to offer and take rejection with grace.
Section C In-depth ReadingMost young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. It may be a game of some kind—football, hockey, golf, or tennis. It may be mountaineering.Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there are for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods.If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a “team game”. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no “matches” between “teams” of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend, there is obvious teamwork.The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier (滑雪手) is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is not unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of efforts, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.1. Mountaineering involves_______.A) cold B) hardship C) physical risk D) all of the above2. The difference between a sport and a game has to do with the kind of_______.A) activity B) rules C) uniform D) participants3. Mountaineering can be called a team sport because_______.A) it is an Olympic event B) teams compete against each otherC) mountaineers depend on each other while climbing D. there are 5 climbers in each team4. Mountaineers compete against_______.A) nature B) each other C) other teams D) international standards5. The best title for the passage is_______.A) Mountaineering Is Different from Golf and Football B) Mountaineering Is More Attractive than Other SportsC) Mountaineering D) Mountain Climbers
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