Perhaps the most known are the electric rays, or torpedoes, of which several kinds live in warm seas. They possess on each side of the head,behind the eyes, a large organ consisting of a number of hexagonal-shaped cells rather like a honeycomb. The ceils are filled with a jelly-like substance, and contain a series of flat electric plates. One side, the negative side, of each plate, is supplied with very fine nerves, connected with a main nerve coming from a special part of the brain. Current gets through from the upper, positive side of the organ downward to the negative, lower side. Generally it is necessary to touch the fish in two places, completing the circuit,in order to receive a shock.<br>The strength of this shock depends on the size of fish, but newly-born ones only about 5 centimeters across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and,if suitable wires are connected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes.<br>Another famous example is the electric eel. This fish gives an even more powerful shock. The system is different from that of the torpedo in that the electric plates run longitudinally and are supplied with nerves from the spinal cord. Consequently, the current passes along the fish from head to tail. The electric organs of these fish are really altered muscles and like all muscles are apt to tire, so they are not able to generate electricity for very long. People in some parts of South America who value the electric eel as food, take advantage of this fact by driving horses into the water against which the fish discharge their electricity. The horses are less affected than a man would be, and when the electric eels have exhausted themselves, they can be caught without danger.<br>The electric catfish of the Nile and of other African fresh waters has a different system again by which current passes over the whole body from the tail to the head. The shock given by this arrangement is not so strong as the other two, but is none the less unpleasant. The electric catfish is a slow,lazy fish, fond of gloomy places and grows to about 1 metre long; it is eaten by the Arabs in some areas.<br>The power of producing electricity may serve these fish both for defence and attack. If a large enemy attacks, the shock will drive it away ;but it appears that the catfish and the electric eel use their current most often against smaller fish, stunning them so that they can easily be overpowered.<br>Which of the following can produce the strongest shock？

A. The electric eel.
B. The electric catfish.
C. The newly-born electric torpedoes.
D. The fully-grown electric ray.

Dr. Wilson asks Wang to do a little more research before deciding on his project.

A. Right
B. Wrong

Part C<br>Directions: Answer questions 71-80 by referring to the following games.<br>Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.<br>Answer questions 71～80 by referring to the following games.<br>Note:Answer each question by choosing A,B,C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.<br>A= BOOK1 B= BOOK2 C= BOOK3 D= BOOK4<br>Which book(s) say(s) that...<br>the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development？ 71.______<br>environmental control is related with the national revenues？ 72.______<br>the environmental problems are not caused overnight？ 73.______<br>a variety of species are on the decrease？ 74.______<br>agriculture is also a factor for file degradation of environment？ 75.______<br>pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods？ 76. ______<br>pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques？ 77. ______<br>provides lessons for agriculture, trade, land u~e and tax policy from an economic perspective？ 78.______<br>the degradation of environment causes the change of climate？ 79.______<br>the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation？ 80. ______<br>A BOOK 1<br>The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development.<br>The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy.<br>B BOOK 2<br>The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions; the climate is endangered from fossil and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development？ How should they manage it？ Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems？<br>This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by

听力原文： The expression，“lame duck”，call be heard in almost any American town or city，especially where people discuss politics．Most often，they use it to describe a politician who has come to the end of his power．<br>There are a number of ideas as to where“lame duck”came from, though the picture of a lame duck is clear enough：a duck that has had its wings cut，or its feet injured，and can no longer walk like a healthy one．<br>The term seems to have come into the American language after the Civil War of 1861-1865．One explanation is that it came from the language of hunters who felt that it was foolish to waste powder or time on a dead duck．And a lame duck is close to being a dead duck．<br>Another explanation，however，is that the expression came from England．There it was used to describe a man who lost all his money and could not pay his debts．He could do nothing but walk like a lame duck．And people showed little mercy for the poor fellow．<br>But in the United States people took the phrase to describe congressman who failed to get re-elected but still had a little time left in office．<br>Later，the expression was used in a broader sense，generally describing any man whose days of power were coming to an end．It has often been used to describe the position of an American president in the last two years or so of his second term．It is a difficult time for him，when Congress is ready to oppose him at every turn．<br>Where Can the expression“lame duck”be heard？

A. Only among hunters．
B. Among primary school pupils．
C. Among beautiful ladies．
D. Among people who are discussing politics．

Which of the following statements is not true？

A. Electric fish come from different families.
B. One can get a shock by touching the electric rays in two places.
C. The electric plates in the rays are connected with the spinal cord.
D. The electric catfish is edible.

According to the passage, which of the following is not true？

A. Some Americans would not accept the value of conservation and environment protection, because this value would probably make them unemployed.
B. Many Americans have been used to wasting, so it will be difficult for them to accept the new value of conservation.
C. Some old values are still having a very strong influence on American people, although they are harmful in this new age.
D. Most Americans have fully realized, the need to protect the environment, so they have taken measures to recycle junked goods.

The value of competition works against the spirit of national cooperation in that ______.

A. it makes people not believe in the government
B. it causes people to suspect but not to trust each other
C. it makes people even unable to cooperate well on local levels
D. it encourages people to gain success through individual hard work

Part A<br>Directions: Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.<br>In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: Salt is bad for you—regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. "There is a direct relationship," US congressman Neal Smith noted, "between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death. "<br>Frightening,if true ! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. "All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary," Dr. Dustan insists. "For most of us it probably doesn't make much difference how much salt we eat. " Dustan's most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure underwent no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects ,however,half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.<br>"An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many mote lives than it has cost in the general population," notes Dr. John H.Largh. "So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense."<br>Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable "moderation" in salt consumption. For an average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table.<br>Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal "low salt" exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that "We do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension. " In fact, there is increasing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium;obesity (much more dangerous than sodium) ;genetic predispotition; stress.<br>"It is not your enemy," says Dr. Laragh, "Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don't need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up. "<br>According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed

A. exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health
B. cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders
C. correlates highly with some diseases
D. is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease

听力原文：M：Cigarette？<br>W：No，thank you．I've given up，you know．<br>M：Oh．<br>W：It's ten days ago．Haven't had one．<br>M：Well．you don't mind if I had one．<br>W：Well，all right，then…Oh my goodness! That's a terrible cough．<br>M：No，no, it's not．It's only…I only get it first thing in the morning．<br>W：That's going to make you very unfit，you know．<br>M：No，it's all right．It goes in a minute．<br>W：Why don't you try and give up？<br>M：Oh，no．I ought to，but I can't．It relaxes me，smoking．<br>W：Really？<br>M：It does．<br>W：Well，have you ever thought of just cutting down？<br>M：Oh，no，that's all vey well but…I wouldn't enjoy it．I depend a bit on my smoking．I must say．<br>W：You should do it gradually．I mean…well，if you tried…have you thought of just giving up one day？<br>M：Yes，oh well，yes，that is quite a good idea．<br>W：It is．<br>M：But I think I'd lose count or something．<br>W：Oh dear! Well，it might be all idea if you started eating sweets．<br>M：Oh no．I couldn't do that．I couldn't possibly…<br>W：Why？<br>M：Well．it makes you fat．<br>W：Well．do you think that matters？ Don't you think it is better to be fat than to be unhealthy？<br>M：No，I don't．I'd rather be fat…Well，I'd rather be thin than fat，certainly．<br>W：Oh dear．Well．Hey! I've got a good idea!<br>M：What's that？<br>W：Why don't you go to a hypnotist？ My sister did!<br>M：Oh，look，you don't seem to realize that I like smoking．If I gave it up，if I didn't smoke at all，I'd probably end up attacking people!<br>W：Oh, don't be so silly! Of course you wouldn't!<br>When did the woman give up smoking？

A. Ten days ago.
B. Just this morning.
C. A week ago.
D. Just yesterday.

Part A<br>Directions: You will hear a talk. As you listen, answer Questions 1-10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1-10.<br>听力原文：W：Come in, please.<br>M：Good morning, Dr. Wilson.<br>W：Good morning, Wang. How nice to meet you again. Take a seat…why don't you, please. When did you get to the university？<br>M：I arrived yesterday.<br>W：Well…are you living in the college？<br>M：No, I am with an English family…actually…because I want to improve my speaking.<br>W：Oh, fine. Right, did you take a language proficiency test before you came？<br>M：Yes. Uhh…my Overall Band is 6, but…unfortunately my speaking score is only 5.<br>W：OK, you know, here in this university, you have to take our own English test before you attend any lectures. So, first of au．what we've got to do is, we have to make an arrangement for the test date. Umm…will tomorrow be all fight for you？<br>M：Yeah, I have time tomorrow morning.<br>W：Good, then．Tomorrow at ten. I don't think the test will be any problem for you. Now, let's make sure you make good use of your time here. Let's put it like this. What exactly do you want to accomplish in the next 12 months？<br>M：I'm interested in computer language translation, I mean, from English to Chinese and Chinese to English. I'll try, if possible, to produce software or a device which can serve as an interpreter.<br>W：Yes, could you be a bit more specific about…er…the device？<br>M：For instance, when you talk to the device in English it will translate your words into Chinese and vice versa.<br>W：Uhuh…do you mean it'll be as competent as…er…a human interpreter？<br>M：Yes…well, I'll let it deal with general situations, at least.<br>W：Fascinating…and how big will the device itself be, do you think？<br>M：The size of a cigarette pack, I think. So people can put it in their pocket.<br>W：Really？Well, that could be a Ph. D project. Tell me what you have done so far.<br>M：In my four years of undergraduate study, I studied electronics, advanced mathematics, hardware designing, some computer languages and program writing.<br>W：Yes, but have you done any practical jobs？ I mean, have you written any programs for practical use？<br>M：I had been involved in a project for CAD in a shipyard.<br>W：Computer aided design. That was probably a good experience, but, unfortunately, it may not help your present project much. Are you familiar with the C-language？<br>M：No.<br>W：Uhuh…the phonetic processing system, do you know how such a system works？<br>M：What do you mean by“phonetic processing system”？<br>W：Well, you know, English is spoken by different people with different accents. Your English accent is different from mine, and of course mine is not the same as my colleagues. So as I see it．your device would have to be able to recognise and understand different accents.<br>M：Oh, I see. I think I can learn the C-language and the phonetic processing system here.<br>W：Well, that's probably true, but you've got only twelve months and you want a degree, don't you？<br>M：Yes.<br>W：OK, so there're two ways of studying for a degree here. You either take six courses, pass their exams and have your dissertation accepted or the other way is you do some research work and submit your project report.<br>M：I think I'll take the second way.<br>W：Fine, but are you sure you call finish your project in twelve months？<br>M：I don't know. but I can work twelve hours per day and seven days per week.<br>W：Well, I'd suggest you spend some time in our library, trying to find out what other students have done before and perhaps reconsider your own project, to some extent. You might narrow your research area, concentrating on solving one or two major problems. And, it'd be a good idea to talk to your colleagues in the lab, first. Anyway, I'm sure we can work out something good. Shall I see y

A. Right
B. Wrong