题目内容
Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.We need a heroA.What is a hero? A hero is someone who possesses and displays certain heroic attributes such as integrity, compassion, and moral courage, heightened by an understanding of the power of situational forces, an enhanced social awareness, and an abiding (持久的) commitment to social action.B. Every society needs heroes. And every society has them. The reason we don't often see them is because we don't bother to look. There are two kinds of heroes: heroes who shine in the face of great adversity, who perform an amazing feat in a difficult situation; and heroes who live among us, who do their work, unnoticed by many of us, but who make a difference in the lives of others. Heroes are selfless people who perform extraordinary acts. The mark of heroes is not necessarily the result of their action, but what they are willing to do for others and for their chosen cause. Even if they fail, their determination lives on for others to follow. The glory lies not in the achievement, but in the sacrifice. Heroes serve to remind us of the higher purpose of self and society.C. Heroism is a social concept, and—like any social concept—it can be explained, taught, and modeled through education and practice. Heroism is a common, universal attribute of human nature and not exclusive to a few special individuals. We may all be called upon to act heroically at some time, when the opportunity arises. We would do well, as a society and as a civilization, to conceive of heroism as something within the range of possibilities for every person.D. But these days rarely do we hear about ordinary men and women who have, by circumstance or fate, done something extraordinary for a greater cause or sacrificed on behalf of fellow human beings. Today's generation, perhaps more than any preceding one, has grown up without a distinct vision of what constitutes heroism, or, worse, has grown up with a flawed vision of the hero as fantastic superhero.E. The Heroic Imagination Project, or HIP, was formed in 2010 to seek to encourage and empower individuals to develop the personal attributes that lead them to take heroic action during crucial moments in their lives, on behalf of others, for a moral cause, and without expectation of gain. HIP is committed to realizing this goal in three ways. First, we will conduct and support new research that will expand society's understanding of heroic behavior. Next, we will create new educational programs in schools and on the Web that coach and mentor people in how to resist negative influences, while also inspiring them to become wise and effective heroes. Then, we will create public engagement programs that involve people everywhere to take a heroic pledge and to sign on to one of many emerging programs.F. One of the most fundamental and unique aspects of our mission is its focus on encouraging new empirical (以观察或实验为依据的) research on the nature and dynamics of heroism. There is a dearth (缺乏) of information on this idea, at least partly due to the changing definition of heroism over the last 30 years, and the earlier focus in psychology on the dark side of human nature. To build this new body of research, we are partnering with major universities and will sponsor promising doctoral candidates who devote their research to questions around this issue of heroic behavior.G. Research into the component attributes of heroism (ethical behavior, leadership, courage) and their practical application can have far-reaching benefits for society. We need to better understand the neurological and psychological basis of such phenomena as action versus passivity at the decisive moment. The components of our research initiative include Web-based surveys of self-selected individuals, analysis of a program of senior volunteers, and laboratory studies of the personal, social, and neurological roots of heroic behavior.H. Everyday heroism is the highest form of civic virtue. It transforms the personal virtue of compassion into meaningful social action. To that end, we will work to instill in all people, particularly in young people, the self-confidence and the ability to readily perform deeds that improve the lives of other individuals and society as a whole. We believe it begins by adopting and internalizing the mind-set of a heroic imagination—I can do that, I can be a hero when the opportunity arises.I. We are now developing specific program modules for scholastic, corporate, and military audiences. Our initial program is being launched in middle and high schools and provides young people with tools to encourage heroic self-identification. The aim is to fortify (加强) their moral framework and coach them to act beyond their comfort zone—but wisely so. Our corporate heroic leadership programs and accountability/integrity programs are currently in design and will roll out soon. We are also launching a comprehensive website that will celebrate the community of everyday heroes, while taking our mission and our programs to the general public.J. By redefining these ideas for contemporary audiences, we can popularize and energize the concept of everyday heroism around the world. In doing so, HIP hopes to be the catalyst (催化剂) for individuals to transform their passivity and reluctance to come to the aid of those in need into the positive social action heroism. Ideally, HIP will become a social movement that sows the seeds of heroism everywhere.1. Studies on the component features of heroism and their practical application can benefit society profoundly.2. It is all right for people to think that heroism is within the reach of every person.3. Heroes are those who either perform a feat in a difficult situation or change the lives of others by seemingly trivial work.4. People nowadays lack a clear vision of heroism or even mistakenly regard the hero as someone with super power.5. The mark of heroes lies in what they are willing to do for others and for their chosen cause.6. Young people in secondary schools are offered programs so as to be encouraged for heroic self-identification.7. All people rather than a few special individuals possess the feature of heroism.8. HIP aims to inspire people to develop heroic attributes and guide them to act heroically for the benefit of others without the expectation of anything in return.9. Over the past 30 years, the definition of heroism has changed, which is one reason for the lack of information on the nature and dynamics of heroism.10. Everyday heroism, as the highest form of civic virtue, turns the personal virtue of compassion into meaningful social action.
查看答案
搜索结果不匹配？点我反馈
更多问题
Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Developing the heroic imagination: The traits of heroesA. Every boy dreams of being a superhero, and knows that donning (披上) a cape or Spiderman costume is hardly just for Halloween. But as we get older, we realize we don't possess the supernatural powers of Spidey. And we notice the absence of the kind of otherworldly arch nemeses (劲敌) that plague our comic book heroes in the real world. The idea of being a hero is gradually put aside as "kids' stuff". But while evildoers may not appear in the real world painted up as sadistic (虐待狂的) clowns or riding on the Goblin Glider, the world has never ceased its need for heroic men who are willing to come to the aid of those in danger and stand up for what is right.What makes a man a hero?B. Why do some men stand by and watch an injustice or an emergency take place without doing anything, while other men spring to action and save the day? Two researchers, Zeno Franco and Phillip Zimbardo, have taken up these very questions. Many of you might be familiar with Dr. Zimbardo's famous 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment that showed good people turning into sadistic tyrants when placed in a position of authority over other human beings. However, one of the interesting observations of the experiment was that "good guards" did exist in the make-believe prison. These guards didn't abuse or insult the student prisoners, like the "evil guards" did, but they never tried to stop the abuse, either. Thus, the good guards actually ended up facilitating abuse by not taking action.C. The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated that given certain circumstances and social pressures, normal, decent people can end up doing unspeakable things. But it also showed that these same circumstances and social pressures can cause men to commit a different but equal wrong: not taking action when action is required.D. We see this wrong all the time. I'm sure we can all remember a time when we saw another human needing assistance, but we simply stood by and did nothing. I'll admit it. I've seen car accidents and just drove by. I've also seen people treated unfairly but didn't say anything.E. Forty years after his infamous Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo has taken up the task of finding out what causes individuals to move from cowardly inaction to heroic action. After analyzing the deeds of heroes, both big and small, Zimbardo along with his research partner, Dr. Franco, argues that heroic individuals have a robust heroic imagination.How to develop your heroic imagination?F. According to Zimbardo and Franco, the heroic imagination is "the capacity to imagine facing physically or socially risky situations, to struggle with the hypothetical problems these situations generate, and to consider one's actions and the consequences". It's the ability to see oneself as a hero and capable of heroic action before the need for heroic action arises. Heroic people can imagine themselves doing heroic things. But are people born with more or less heroic imagination?G. Zimbardo argues that while some individuals may have a natural tendency for heroic behavior, all of us have the capacity to nurture and grow our inner hero. It's not a static characteristic. In his article "The Banality of Heroism", Zimbardo lays out five concrete steps we can all take to develop our heroic imagination and thus be ready to take action when action is required. Below are the five traits that will strengthen your heroic imagination and propel you into heroic action.H. Maintain constant vigilance for situations that require heroic action. Every day we have opportunities to take a stand and be heroes. Sure, we probably won't have to land a plane or fight off a ruffian (暴徒), but we can be heroes by sticking up for a student being bullied by his peers, blowing the whistle on a supervisor who is engaging in shady and unethical business practices, or stopping to help a stranded driver. The more you develop your ability to spot situations to be heroic, the more chances you'll get to take heroic action.I. Learn not to fear conflict because you take a stand. A real man doesn't care if some people get upset or uncomfortable with doing the right thing. Don't be afraid to stand by your principles and live with integrity.J. Imagine alternative future scenarios (可能发生的事) beyond the present moment. We often fail to act because we're too short-sighted. We think about the immediate consequences rather than the long-term ones. Sure, you might lose your job because you blew the whistle on unethical practices by your company. But think about the long-term consequences if you don't act. How many more people will be hurt if you don't out your employer? Will you be able to look yourself in the mirror 20 years down the road knowing you didn't do the right thing because it would have caused a couple of months of financial hardship?K. Resist the urge to rationalize and justify inaction. Inaction is easy because it's so easy to rationalize. The "bystander effect" is a perfect example of this. The bystander effect occurs when an emergency situation occurs in a large group of people and no one takes action to remedy the situation because they rationalize that someone else will take care of it. Don't be that person. Instead of looking for ways to rationalize inaction, train yourself to rationalize action.L. Trust that people will appreciate heroic action. In one of the former points, we're told not to fear the conflict that might arise from doing the right thing. Conversely, we should also develop a confidence that people appreciate and honor heroic action. While your action may be unpopular at first, people eventually come around and recognize and appreciate true heroes.1. The world is in constant need for heroes who can help those in danger and defend justice.2. We have the chance to be a hero every day, so we should be alert to situations where heroic action is required.3. The heroic imagination is the ability to imagine oneself to be a hero and capable of heroic action before heroic action is needed in reality.4. One observation of the Stanford Prison Experiment is that decent people can do bad things if they are put under certain circumstances.5. We fail to take heroic action often because we consider the immediate consequences instead of the long-term ones.6. Action instead of inaction should be rationalized.7. In the Stanford Prison Experiment, the good guards neither maltreated prisoners nor prevented others from doing so.8. Analysis of relevant information enables Zimbardo and his partner to concludethat heroes are full of imaginations about heroic deeds.9. Although some people are more inclined to act bravely, everyone can cultivate heroism.10. The bystander effect is that when facing an emergency situation, no one takes action to save the situation as they think someone else will do it.
Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Problems in youth sportsA. Can participating in competitive sports at too young an age have a negative effect on our children and their future in sports? Starting ages for youth in competitive sports have lowered dramatically in the past two decades. Andrew Ferguson, an American journalist and author, estimated that 40 million children were involved in competitive sports. It's not just the number that is staggering, but the manner in which kids are playing. Children who get involved in organized competitive sports at a young age may find themselves tired of the game they once loved. Young athletes are becoming increasingly stressed because of the pressure they are getting from their parents and coaches. They are traveling further, playing more games, and spending less time just being kids.B. Children in today's era find themselves with a variety of competitive sports to choose from at earlier ages. The Amateur Athletic Union boys and girls start to play basketball, baseball, softball, soccer, football, volleyball as young as nine, while Little League Baseball and Softball can start as early as five. The American Youth Soccer Organization has kids competing at the age of four. While winning may not be the focus of these leagues it can be the focus of the parents.C.When considering sports participation one should take into account the developmental age as well as the chronological (实龄的) age of a child before competing. Paulo David, author ofHuman Rights in Youth Sport: A Critical Review of Children's Rights in Competitive Sports, found that children don't always understand the concept of competition until age of six or seven. Children under nine may be incapable of differentiating between the concept of effort and that of ability. This means that they believe winning is achieved by how hard they tried and that losing means they did not try hard enough.D.Sports knowledge development in children at a young age is essential. In the primary grades children should be taught the rules and structures of games. Training for these children should be informal and playful in nature, with little or no emphasis on wins or losses which can often lead to emotional distress and long-term refusal to be involved in competitive sports. Sports should be designed to improve a child's self-concept in the early years.E. In the bookWhy Johnny Hates Sports, the author Fred Engh states that if kids are competitive at early ages, then they may not be trained in how to fail. If all the focus is on winning, kids may be scared to fail and make mistakes. Mistakes are part of the learning process and they are how one improves. Failures can result in success, if we are teaching kids to learn from mistakes. If kids are never allowed to fail and are yelled at, pulled out every time they do something wrong, then we are training them to be afraid to shoot or try. They are not going to want the ball for fear of making a mistake and being taken out or humiliated in front of their peers. Allowing children to try and fail diminishes their fear of their parents, coaches, peers, and of humiliation because they are encouraged to try.F. Too much competition too early may cause burnout (精疲力竭). The term "burnout" is a relatively new term with children in competitive sports. Burnout can be defined as "the athlete's natural response to chronic, ongoing stress". By age 13 burnout begins to manifest and children start quitting their given sports. Burnout in kids' sports can be caused by a "play at all costs" attitude by the parents and coaches, by overtraining and excessive travel.G. The problem starts when the sport becomes more like a job than play. These coaches and parents believe that by playing all the time it will translate to winning and possible visibility and then scholarships. We believe that parents no doubt want what is best for their kids. But with this win and play at all costs, there is mounting evidence that parents are cheating to give their kids an edge. They even lie about their children's age to gain an advantage and get more exposure. Parents are looking to prepare their children for Division I athletic scholarships or a professional career.H. To gain an advantage parents insist that their children practice and play year-round to insure they have the best skills necessary to compete. Training and traveling all year round takes its toll on children. One report noted that forced participation in competitive youth sports by parents can constitute a form of abuse by parents because they are taking the childhood from the children. They want their children to specialize.I. A study done by American Sports Data Inc. found that, in youth organized sports, 69 percent of all parents want their children to play only one sport. If the child is between six and eight years old, 79 percent of those parents want their children to play only one sport. Of all the sports organization in 2004, 44 percent of the children stated they only wanted to play one sport. To avoid burnout children should wait until high school before specializing in a sport. In the book by Joel Fish,101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent: Making Athletics a Positive Experience for Your Child, he explains that children are not even physically capable of handling competitive sports. Most young kids are not capable of handling vigorous practices or games that are required. If children don't specialize in sports at a young age, they will be better suited for learning how to develop a variety of motor and athletic skills that transfer from one sport to another, which can't be developed by specializing.1. Burnout begins to appear in children probably due to the hard push from parents and coaches, and the large amount of training and travel.2. Some sports leagues may not attach importance to winning, but the parents do.3. Sport training for kids should be basically relaxing and lively without too much emphasis laid on the results, otherwise children will get upset and refuse to take part.4. In the past 20 years, children started playing competitive sports at earlier ages.5. Children should be allowed to fail, or they will be afraid of making mistakes and thus won't make a try.6. Children interested in several sports are likely to acquire different sporting skills, which can't be obtained by those specializing in sports when very young.7. It is reported that children who are forced to participate in competitive youth sports by their parents suffer a form of abuse because they are deprived of their childhood.8. It is found that children under the age of six may neither understand the concept of competition nor distinguish between effort and ability.9. Playing all the time is believed by many coaches and parents to be a sure way to win games, attract attention and get scholarships.10. The increasing pressure, more games and less time for fun, makes children lose interest in the sports they once loved.
Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Benefits of playing sportsA. Have you thought of the different benefits of playing sports? Have you realized the importance of making sports a part of your daily routine?B. Playing sports is something most of us love, isn't it? Undoubtedly, sports are a fun activity but they offer several health benefits, too. Playing some sport regularly goes a long way in maintaining your physical and mental well-being. Sports help enhance your personality. They are a good source of both exercise and entertainment.C. Sports serve as an excellent physical exercise. Those who play sports have a more positive body image than those who do not. Sports often involve physical activities like running, jumping and moving about which turn out to be a good body workout. Playing sports can put energy to good use. Engaging in sports since an early age strengthens your bones and muscles. It helps you increase your stamina (体力) and endurance. Sports that involve jumping help increase height, for example basketball. Games that involve running, kicking or throwing a ball help strengthen the arms and legs, for example soccer and cricket. Swimming provides a full body workout. Thus sports provide the body with complete exercise and engaging in sports directly translates into overall fitness.D. Research shows that sports improve math skills in children. Sports that involve aiming and hitting skills, for example, tennis, baseball and cricket help increase focus. They help develop leadership qualities and foster team spirit in kids. They involve competition; they involve winning and losing. This exposes children to both aspects of life, successes and failures. Sports build a competitive spirit in children and teach them to be participative irrespective of whether the result is victory or defeat. Playing sports teaches them to accept both successes and failures with a positive spirit. Sports teach you to think with a cool head. The most important benefit of sports is the sportsman spirit. Sports help you become more sporting, more positive and stronger.E. Playing sports is very beneficial for the development of social skills. Sports teach you to interact with people, communicate with them and collaborate as a team. Sports foster collective thinking and harness (利用) your planning and delegation skills, too. Sports build confidence. Winning a game gives you a sense of accomplishment, which boosts your confidence further.F. Playing sports involves directed thinking. It requires you to strategize. You need to devise ways to score goals, runs or earn points, as the case may be. You need to devise strategies to win. You need to judge your opponent's strategy and modify yours accordingly. This definitely involves clever thinking, which sports encourage. Studies show that kids who play sports regularly do well in school and college.G. Playing sports makes you happy. I know anyone would agree with this. Jumping about, running around, racing to get ahead, hitting, throwing, kicking, shouting, clapping, cheering, falling and standing up again ... all are part of playing sports. And there is no match to the happiness it brings. It gives you the high by increasing the production of endorphins (内啡肽，体内产生的一种镇痛作用的荷尔蒙) in the brain. In other words, sports are a form of exercise which generates happiness molecules (分子) in your body, thus restoring your mental health. Playing sports, you can't be sad. In fact, they bust the sorrow and the stress. Sports generate a positive energy in you, around you.H. When sports are played at the state or national level, they increase the players' sense of belonging to their community or country. International sports events foster patriotism (爱国心) and a feeling of oneness among the team members of a country. Playing sports at these levels opens many employment avenues for not only sportsmen and women but also people who join tournaments as volunteers, cheerleaders or in the capacity of sports doctors and physical therapists. As developments are undertaken in cities hosting sports events, sports can lead to urbanization of rural areas. Many cities have started becoming hubs for sports tourism. Sports parks are being developed in many tourist destinations. It is the increasing inclination for playing sports that is responsible for such developments.I. Now that you know playing sports is an excellent form of exercise, it won't come as a surprise that sports offer health benefits like lowering blood pressure, maintaining blood sugar and cholesterol (胆固醇) levels and reducing other health risks. Yes, if you are playing a sport regularly, you are at a lesser risk of developing diabetes (糖尿病) or heart diseases. Playing sports reduces the risk of hypertension (高血压) and several other stress-related disorders. Research shows that people who play sports regularly can deal with stresses and strains in a better way. Those who engage in sports activities are less prone to depression, anxiety and other psychological disorders.J. Regular exercise that is achieved through sports leads to an improvement in the overall health thus improving quality of life. Sports are a good combination of recreation and exercise. They improve your physical and psychological health, physical because sports involve exercise and psychological because playing is something you enjoy and something that relaxes your mind. Playing sports is something so advantageous that it is worth investing time in. So go hit the ground today. Play!1. Regular exercise can improve the overall health and quality of life accordingly.2. Your personality can be strengthened if you play sports regularly.3. According to studies, kids who often play sports perform well in school and college.4. Sports inspire children to be competitive and participative, and teach them to take a positive attitude toward the final results.5. Some sports benefit certain parts of the body and some are for a full body workout.6. Cities which host sports events witness developments, and similarly rural areas can be urbanized because of sports.7. Your confidence can be strengthened by the sense of accomplishment upon the victory of a game.8. Children's ability of getting focused will be improved by some ball games.9. Sports inspire clever thinking because you should adjust your strategy in accordance with your opponent's to win the game.10. Happiness molecules produced by sports can help you regain healthy mind state.
单选题:以下哪一项属于格里高利圣咏的特征:
微信支付 
支付宝支付