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The term "alternatives" was coined by the distinguished physiologist David Smyth in his book Alternatives to Animal Experiments published in _______. It is used to describe any change to established scientific procedures that will result in the replacement of animals, a reduction in the numbers used or a refinement of techniques that may minimize harms to the animals. Therefore, Smyth's term "Alternatives" is synonymous with Russell and Burch's "Three Rs".
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In a study by NIH, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), parvoviruses, ecto- and endoparasites were reported in 10% to more than ______ of the "specific pathogen free (SPF)" mouse colonies.
Among non-SPF mice, MHV was present in more than 70% of the reporting institutions, pinworms in about 70%, parvoviruses and ectoparasites in about 40%, and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in more than ______.
_______________ animals are generally housed without special precautions to prevent entry of infectious agents. The risk to get infected is higher than for barrier-housed animals, but they are not necessarily infected with many pathogens.
It is frequently considered less important to monitor for the presence of ___________ agents in conventional animals than in their rederived, barrier-maintained counterparts.
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