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It can be inferred that the term "public duty" denotes

A. the necessity to apprehend offenders.
B. the responsibility to punish offenders.
C. an obligation to prevent harm to another.
D. the assignment of punishment for harmful action.

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The writer suggests that the way of finding new truths about economic behavior

A. should better be conducted systematically.
B. has nothing to do with the way of finding new principles.
C. should be opposite to the way of finding economic principles.
D. is similar to the way of finding new principles in that both are conducted casually.

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Which of the following statements about five-year-old children does the research of Nesdule and Rule suggest？

A. They justify any actions that protect them from harm.
B. They view public duty as a justification for accidental, but not intentional harm.
C. They consider the motivation of actions when judging the behavior. of other children.
D. They, as doers of harmful acts, disregard the feelings of the children they harm.

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According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of an offence. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey's research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences？ Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor's actions was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks Ann's pretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it "so somebody won't fall over it" or because Bonnie wanted "to make Anne feel bad." Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified: the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the offender cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.
As to the punishment that children under seven are assigned to wrongdoing, Piaget suggests

A. the punishment is to be administered immediately following the offence.
B. the more immature a child, the more severe the punishment assigned.
C. the punishment for acts of intentional harm is less severe than it is for acts involving accidental harm.
D. the severity of the assigned punishment is primarily determined by the perceived magnitude of negative consequences.

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The passage suggests which of the following about air pollution？

A. Further attempts to reduce emission from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution level.
B. Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.
C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.
D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.

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It can be inferred that the term "public duty" denotes

A. the necessity to apprehend offenders. B. the responsibility to punish offenders. C. an obligation to prevent harm to another. D. the assignment of punishment for harmful action.

The writer suggests that the way of finding new truths about economic behavior

Which of the following statements about five-year-old children does the research of Nesdule and Rule suggest？

The passage suggests which of the following about air pollution？

A. the necessity to apprehend offenders.
B. the responsibility to punish offenders.
C. an obligation to prevent harm to another.
D. the assignment of punishment for harmful action.