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Many important industrial compounds such as ethanol, acetic acid, organic acids, butanol and acetone were being produced by the end of 19th century by microbial fermentation procedures that were open to the environment.
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A new direction in biotechnology came in the 1940s with the introduction of complicated engineering techniques to the mass cultivation of micro-organisms to ensure that the particular biological process could proceed with the exclusion of contaminating micro-organisms.
Thus by prior sterilization of the medium and the bioreactor and with engineering provision for the exclusion of incoming contaminants only the chosen biocatalyst was present in the reactor.
Manipulation of the genome of industrially important organisms by sexual recombination and by mutation has long been part of the innovative repertoire of the industrial geneticist.
New recombinant DNA techniques involve breaking living cells gently, the extraction of DNA, its purification and subsequent selective fragmentation by highly specific enzymes
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