题目内容
For each question 13— 18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.
Research and Development in Industry
It is only through innovation that large companies will be able to survive, according to Mark Peter, vice-chairman of UK-owned industrial giant 5P. However, says Peter, it remains difficult to run a truly innovative company. Innovation involves speculation, unproven technologies and unpredictable costs. It takes a lot of managing, because managers really have to be on top of what's happening. In addition, innovation does not fit easily into the orderly kind of organization that company accountants like. Despite this, Peter claims it is an essential policy to pursue.
The 5P group's record of growth aid profitability indicates that it manages the orderly part of the business pretty well. The statistics are big: operations in more than 60 countries, sales in more than 200, around 60, 000 products and 70, 000 employees. But what makes 5P different is its innovative approach to innovation itself. Although it is a massive multi-national with a turnover of $ 15 billion, the whole company is broken down into tiny groups which work together and help each other and are then encouraged to consult internally with the other groups. This positively encourages individual and collaborative research.
A further encouragement is that all research staff world-wide are expected to work on 5P projects for only 85% of their time; for the remaining 15% of time they are free to pursue ideas of their own, using company facilities. In this time they can work on their own or in a group. One hugely successful project that has come out of this 15% rule is the Post-it note. The idea came from an individual inventor and then, using the business skills of a large organization, was rapidly developed into a major product. The success of the Post-it note proves how profitable the innovative 15% rule can be.
Mark Peter says innovation is at the heart of 5P. In 1996, more that 30% of sales were generated by products less than four years old. He says: " We almost always get into new markets through innovation. We're very good at adapting these innovations to lots of different markets so we have a high success rate. We take an idea and see how many applications it's got. Then we try to establish market dominance. We have a tremendous variety of technologies so we can adapt anything but we still need the original ideas to develop."
In the past year 5P has introduced a group-wide program called Pacing Plus. This means that they are still actively seeking new ideas, but with the difference that they hope many of them will eventually lead to the establishment of completely new business. In this way, 5P will be able to invest in a wide range of markets and even create some new ones.
This emphasis on innovation creates unusual stresses and strains and makes a company like 5P a difficult business to manage. Technical people at 5P are given a large degree of intellectual freedom, and the company appears to specifically try to recruit people who think for themselves and who don't necessarily solve things by the traditional routes. The management encourages people to step outside of the security that comes from working in a big, stable group, and then to handle the consequences. So far the mixture of freedom and heavy responsibility seems to work: the 25 research schemes now under review could generate business worth $ 6 billion a year.
5P's approach to innovation is different because it allows researchers to
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In writing the poem "The River - Merchant’s wife: A letter", Pound took its material front
As the author sees it, one of the most important gains from the study of great literature
All along the chain of biological evolution, the extinction of species appears to have been a stage in the process of adapting genetic lineages to changing environmental conditions. Although some catestrophic extinction occurred naturally, producing total loss of a genetic line, such catastrophes were comparatively rate. In modern times, however, human activities have altered the fundamental nature of this process, resulting in nearly total genetic losses.
It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man - induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife--whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors--are undesirable. It is, however, more difficult to obtain consensus when consideration is given to the economic costs of correcting such trends, including natural habitat preservation, regulation of pesticides and other toxic substances, and wildlife and park management. Endangered species often are, in effect, competitors with humans for habitat and other resources which also provide other kinds of human use and need.
Measures needed to protect endangered species vary considerably in difficulty and cost. Of the approximately 400 inverterate species which at present appear to be threatened, for example, about one -third could probably be restored by such inexpensive means as modifying the boundaries of designated natural are- as, acquiring and protecting caves and other small areas which contain the particular species, and additional management of parks and refuges.
Another one - third of the endangered lower animal species are threatened principally by water pollution and could be protected by improved control, particularly of five southern rivers.
The remaining one - third of the 400 endangered shellfish species would be considerably more difficult to protect. These are threatened by complex factors, such as overcollecting, channelization, highway and housing development, dams introduced species such as the Asian snail, dredging, quarry washing, poor erosion control, and lowering of water table.
The identification of threatened species and other significant wildlife trends must precede any corrective! measures, and our knowledge base for making such identification is deficient in many respects. Our present lists of threatened species and subspecies are known to be incomplete, except in those geographical areas which contain habitats of species that have important commercial or sports harvest value.
Which of the followings is neither expressed nor implied in the passage as being a threat posed by mall to wildlife preservation？
You ask me what is poverty？ Listen to me. Here I am, dirty, smelly and with no "proper" underwear on and with the stench of my rotting teeth near you. I will tell you. Listen to me, listen without pity. I cannot use your pity. Listen with understanding. Put yourself in my dirty, worn out, ill-fitting shoes ,and hear me.
Poverty is getting up every morning from a dirt - and illness - stained mattress. The sheets have long since been used for diapers. Poverty is living in a smell that never leaves. This is a smell of urine, sour milk, and spoiling food sometimes joined with the strong smell of long - cooked onions. Onions are cheap. If you have smell this smell, you did not know how it came. It is the smell of the outdoor privy. It is the smell of young children who can not walk the long dark day in the night. It is the smell of the mattresses where years of "accidents" have happened. It is the smell of the milk which has gone sour because the refrigerator long has not worked and it costs money to get it fixed. It is the smell of rotting garbage. I could bury it, but where is the shovel？ Shovels cost money.
Poverty is being tired. I have always been tired. They told me at the hospital when the last baby came that I had chronic anemia caused from poor diet, a bad case of worms, and that I need a corrective operation. I listened politely--the poor are always polite. The poor always listen. They don’t say there is no money for iron pills, or better food, or warm medicine. The idea of an operation is frightening and costs so much that, if I have dared, I would have laughed. Who takes care of my children？ Recovery from an operation takes a long time. I have three children. When I left them with "Granny" the last time I had a job, I came home to find the baby covered with fly specks, and a diaper, that had not been changed since I left. When the dried diaper came off, bits of my baby’s flesh came with it. My other child was playing with a sharp bit of broken glass, and my oldest was playing alone at the edge of a lake. I made twenty -two dollars a week, and a good nursery school costs twenty dollars a week for three children. I quit my job.
Poverty is dirty. You can say in your clean clothes coming from your clean house. "Anybody can be clean." Let me explain about housekeeping with no money. For breakfast I give my three children grits with no oleo or cornbread without eggs and oleo. This does not use up many dishes. What dishes there are, I wash in cold water and with no soap. Even the cheapest soup has to be saved for the baby’s diapers. Look at my hands, so cracked and red. Once I saved for two months to buy a jar of Vaseline for my hands and the baby’s diaper rash. When I have saved enough, I went to buy it and the price had gone up two cents. The baby and I suffered on. I have to decide every day if I can bear to put my cracked sore hands into the cold water and strong soap. But you ask, why not hot water？ Fuel costs money. If you have a wood fire it costs money, If you burn electricity, it costs money. Hot water is a luxury. I do not have luxuries. I know you will be surprised when I tell you how young I am. I look so much older. My back has been bent over the wash tubs everyday for so long, I cannot remember I ever did anything else. Every night I wash every stitch my school age child bas on and just hope her clothes will be dry by morning.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is implied？
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