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研究材料工艺过程可从热力学和（）两个基本点出发，其中热力学是解决过程进行的可能性、方向及限度。

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天坛之美始建于明永乐十八年的天坛，是世界建筑艺术的珍品。它具有一种独特的意境，它以凝练的艺术形式表现了博大深遂的精神内涵，体现了中国古人对宇宙的思考和想象。天坛的意境美，可以归纳为：高、圆、清。 “高”是天的一种特性。天坛的建筑是连续性的逐渐上升的完整体，从南北中轴线上看，南端的圜丘高5．18米，皇穹宇高19．2米，祈年殿上升到38米。成为中轴线的高峰。故宫太和殿是永乐以前全城最高的建筑，是帝王的象征，而祈年殿比太和殿还高出3米，成为天帝的象征。祈年殿的主体建筑四周，墙体低矮，空间开阔，祈年殿和圜丘的整个外轮廓直接与天空连接，祭坛仿佛高入云霄，人站在祭坛上也好像升上青天。天坛的崇高感中，蕴含着敬天的思想。 “圆”不仅指外形，而且是一种哲学境界。在中国古代关学中，圆代表着生命流转，蕴含着宇宙万物，体现了一种“天行健”的思想以及祥和的精神。天坛建筑群的一个突出特征是大量圆的造型。圜丘、皇穹宇、祈年殿都是圆形，每一个建筑又形成很多同心圆，一直扩展到与穹隆形的天空成为一个圆融的整体。 “清”是天的一种特征，也是中国古代的一种美学范畴，体现一种人格精神或艺术境界，例如清新、清真、清淡、清妙等。“清”由“青”而来，通常我们称天是“青天”、“蓝天”、“苍天”。天坛的基本色调整体是青色，不论是天空还是琉璃瓦都属于青色。“青”是祥和、安宁的象征，也体现了一种空灵的美。天坛建筑中，祈年殿、皇穹宇都采用蓝色琉璃瓦。深蓝的琉璃和浅蓝的天空形成色彩上深浅的对比、更显示出天的澄清、明朗。反过来天的澄清、明朗，又与祈年殿的外轮廓虚实相生，唤起观赏者的审美想象。以上高、圆、清三点体现了天坛的崇高、祥和、清朗的独特意境。如果比较一下，就会发现：故宫拥有庞大的建筑群，以气势取胜，天坛的建筑少而精，以宁静深远而著称；故宫以封闭式的一道道门、一道道墙为特点，而天坛以天高地阔的开放式为特点；故宫的空间造型是方的，而天坛则是柔和的圆；故宫的颜色以红为重，而天坛则是幽静的青绿色。天坛之美，耐人深思。天坛大约有十万株树，你认为这些树木的作用与本文所概括的“高、圆、清”三点中的哪一点关系最大？为什么？

1 There are many arguments for and against television. The poor quality of its program is often criticized and TV commercials are also boring. So television is undoubtedly 1. a great comfort to many lonely and elderly people. 2 The manager of a large office building had received many complains about elevator service in the building, but he engaged a group of engineers to study the situation 2. and make recommendation for improvement. 3 We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person by the way they occupied the space around them――for example, when such a person walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never 3. bump into other people. 4 Until the very latest moment of his existence, man has been bound the planet on which he originated and developed. Now he has the capability to leave that planet and move out into the universe to those worlds which he has known previously only directly. 4. 5 One major decision which faces the American students ready to begin higher education is the choice of attending a large university or a small college. The large university provides a wide range of specialized departments as well as numerous courses within such departments. The small college, therefore, 5. generally provides a limited number of courses and specializations but offers a better student-faculty ratio, thus permitting individualized attention to students. 6 Music the Johnny has learned to appreciate as unpleasant is just dull noise to Jimmy――and quite 6. possible, vice versa. 7 We are learning, finally, that silence is a natural resource and must be protected by law. It appears that we all find company in sound, if we all 7. demand a little quiet from time to time. 8 The farmer aroused at down or before it and had much work to do, with his own muscles as his chief source of power. He used axes, spades and 8. other complicated tools. 9 Whether women who have started a career will attain pay equality with men rests on at least two factors. First, will most of them continue part-time at their jobs after they have children? A 9. break in their employment, or a decision to work part-time, will slow their raises and promotions as it would for men. 10 Whether true or not, the story illustrates the problem with idioms. They are almost possible to 10. understand from the meanings of the individual words. And with English idioms, even the same words may have different meanings. 在10处填写改错内容。